Property and Trust Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Property and Trust - Case Study Example Beneficial ownership is of two types joint tenants and tenants in common. If they are joint tenants, then the property cannot be sold without the agreement of the joint tenants. If the property is owned as tenants in common, each of them will have a share in the property that they can dispose off as they wish and the discretionary powers vested with them are that they can decide how much each share will be. These people can will their share in case of their death. Transactions involving real estate whether buying or selling shall be recorded in writing. The important stages in this process are the agreement, the exchange of contracts and the completion. An agreement is defined as where the buyer inspects the property and agrees to pay the price to the seller. In the absence of an agreement the general rule is that everything attached to the property will automatically becomes the property of the buyer. The solicitors and conveyancers will carry out the legal procedure in regard to sa le of property. In this process the seller's solicitor obtains the seller's title deeds prepares a contract and sends it to the buyer's solicitor. Solicitors do not make any enquiries as to the state of repair of the property. The solicitors of both the buyer and seller will exchange the signed contract. The deposit is paid at this stage and the contract becomes binding, subsequently, the completion date is fixed. The Buyer's Solicitors send the Stamp Duty Land Transaction Return to the Revenue with payment of any stamp duty. The Deeds have then to be registered at the Land Registry. Certain fees such as the Value Added Tax on the fees, money payable to the Local Authority and Water Authority, money payable to Land Charges Registry for searches and copies of the Deeds, Land Registry Dealings fees and Stamp Duty Land Tax are to be complied with1. In our present case the property is purchased by the five friends jointly and thus they became "Tenants in Common". In this context, the members can transfer their share of property to whomsoever they wish to through a will. Friends or relatives, who are buying together often, choose to be tenants in common. Thus in other words each of the members owns a specific share of property but does not necessarily have to have equal shares. The share in the property of any member, who dies, does not automatically devolve on to the other legal owners. It goes to the person who was nominated in the will or if there is no will it passes on to the next of kin. Tenancy in common refers to a form of shared ownership where two or more persons own land without the right of survivorship. Tenancy in common is often implemented in cases where property owners are engaged in an attempt to reduce inheritance taxes. If the property was owned as a tenancy in common, then the question of who inherits the dece ased person's share is determined by the terms of their will or in the absence of a will by the laws of intestacy. In case the property was held under joined tenancy the surviving owner inherits automatically and this is not subject to the will or law of intestacy. When the property was owned solely by the deceased or jointly by owners who have died, the terms of their will determines who inherits however, if there is no wi

Luke, I Am Your Volkswagen Essay Example for Free

Luke, I Am Your Volkswagen Essay Who doesn’t want to be Darth Vader? In May of 1977, I was just like every other seven year old in America wanting to be just like Darth Vader and use the force to control all my toys. During the 2011 Super Bowl, Volkswagen made a commercial that made my dream of 35 years come true. In this commercial, a young boy pretending to be Darth Vader, storms down the hall, attempting to use â€Å"the force† to move a treadmill without avail. After many fruitless attempts at controlling everything inside the house, his last attempt is a success due in part to his dad’s new Volkswagen Passat, which has a remote start on his key. The young boy runs past his father, to the front of the car to use the force. He aims his hand toward the car and to the child’s astonishment the force, has finally worked. The rhetorical techniques of logos, ethos and pathos are present and are there to persuade the intended audience. First of all, the advertisement relies on an appeal to reason for its basis. This commercial was created to target an audience that can recognize Darth Vader and Volkswagens. Star Wars references are deeply embedded in our popular culture and it would be safe to say most Americans are aware of phrases that have become part of the popular lexicon, for example â€Å"May the Force be with You†. This commercial appeal to most people because of the fact that every parent enjoys seeing their child uses their imagination and creativity. It also shows his father in the end playing along, amazing his son. Through the commercial Volkswagen recalls a childlike innocence about the car making it suitable for a family. Secondly, Volkswagen brings in an appeal to credibility to convince the advertisement’s viewers. Darth Vader is known throughout the world as one of the most recognized villains including his infamous death-march music. This commercial would not be same if an adult was used instead of a child to play the part of Darth Vader. Volkswagen uses the popularity of the super bowl commercials to convey the fact that they made the same car with the quality of Volkswagen in an all new design for the 2011 model year. By using both parent in the commercial, Volkswagen established that the Passat is a family car and convinces the audiences to purchase the new car. Volkswagen’s final appeal is to emotions to make the consumer want to believe that purchasing a new Passat can give you the power of the force. In addition to the imagery of Darth Vader, the music of Star Wars is easily recognized around the world. The death-march music gives the audience something to remember the commercial by over any other commercial shown on that day. In addition, in the final scene when the father turns the car on and the child thinks he has used the force, this ties the entire scene together and leaves a lasting impression of the commercial with the audience. The main point of this commercial is to sell the new Volkswagen Passat. The use of a child pretending to be Darth Vader evokes an emotional appeal to innocence. As does the use of the all American family household, a stay at home mother and a father who after a long day still has time to play with his son. Also in the commercial, the minimal use of dialog and the use of music convey a simple yet memorable message to its audience. In conclusion, Volkswagen was able to successfully use rhetoric to make a funny and witty ad that appealed to a mass audience and sends a clear message to purchase a new car and you too can use the force.

Fuzzy Systems and Machine Intelligence Essay -- Artificial Intelligenc

Fuzzy Systems and Machine Intelligence Abstract: Our natural language is perhaps the most powerful form of communicating information for any given problem or situation. Combining natural language and numerical information into fuzzy systems provides the framework to represent knowledge, constraints and inference procedures. Fuzzy systems provide advantages in the development of systems solutions that perform tasks such as automatic modeling, prediction, pattern recognition, and optimal decision making, control and planning. With this, fuzzy systems are an essential tool for industrial and manufacturing systems engineering. Fuzzy logic is a different approach to representing uncertainty - it emphasizes the double meanings of words in describing events - rather than the uncertainty about whether an event will occur, and allows decision-making under that uncertainty. Fuzzy logic attempts to capture the imperfect way we describe concepts, and works with them to form conclusions. The wonderful thing about fuzzy logic is how you can apply everyday language to a problem. A descriptive sentence such as: "a little noisy, a lot of dirt, and deep carpet", can be decoded by a fuzzy logic system to perform various tasks based on the knowledge derived from the terms. An interesting thing about fuzzy logic is that it is always trying to work, and by tweaking the system, the programmer is simply "showing" the system how to do a better job. The operator is still in control, but the fuzzy logic is mimicking how an operator would react given the same situation. Introduction to the topic: Fuzzy logic is a system analysis and modeling approach that allows an easier transition between complex human thought processes and the ... ...sed to answer specific questions and provide definitions and examples of applications. Addresses are provided to those locations. The Fuzzy Logic Frequently Asked Questions Archive: ht tp://www.uni-passau.de/archive/faq/comp.answers/fuzzy-logic/ Brubaker, David I. "Fuzzy Rules and Membership Functions from Data," Huntington Technical Brief, July 1993, No. 40. Cox, Earl. The Fuzzy Systems Handbook: A Practitioner's Guide to Building, Using, and Maintaining Fuzzy Systems. Academic Press, New York, 1994. Kosko, Bart. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1992. Mcneill, Daniel, and Freiberger, Paul, Fuzzy Logic, Simon and Schuster, 1992. Zadeh, Lotfi A. "Fuzzy Sets." Information & Control, Vol. 8, 1965, pp338-353. Zurada, Jacek M. Artificial Neural Systems. West Publishing Co., New York, 1992.

Briefly Outline a Selection of Victorian Values

This essay is going to briefly outline a section of Victoria values such as separate spheres, religion and family. Outside the family sphere, one had to strive for self-improvement and industry in ones working life, and developed nations. The main focus of this essay is going to be on fallen woman. In the Victorian era women were seen as pure and clean because of this view, their bodies were seen as temples which should not be adorned with jewellery. A woman should be reminded that marrying she gives up many advantages.A few artists such as William Holman Hunt and Augustus Leopold Egg and many more portrayed these Victorian values through narrative artwork and this essay is going to discuss a few of these artist’s paintings such as The Awakening Conscience and Past and Present. The role of women was to have children and tend to the house in contrast to men, according to the concept of Victorian masculinity. If they didn’t achieve this the their husbands would have mistr esses outside their marriage. Decorating the home and wearing fine dresses became a way for women to express themselves.Religion went through it's changes as Victorian's lost interest in God. [Patterson 2007 online] However, Great Revivals would sweep across the countries of the world changing the lives of many. The separate spheres framework holds that men possessed the capacity for reason, action, aggression, independence, and self-interest thus belonging to the public sphere. Women inhabited a separate, private sphere, one suitable for the so called inherent qualities of femininity: emotion, passivity, submission, dependence, and selflessness, all derived, it was claimed insistently, form women’s sexual and reproductive organization. Patterson 2007 online]In reality women held an important position as wives since they took care of the household, any servants, helped with their husband’s work, and managed the finances, however from the male’s point of view, wo men were nothing more than overly emotional and mindless creatures ruled by their sexuality Mary Wollstonecraft penned her anger at the unfair and unjust inequality that where imposed upon women by a vocal male majority in an attempt to redress this balance.A women's role in life in the nineteenth century was decidedly placed within a male context; both sexes were to be seen acting within different realms with the men occupying what was to be known as the public sphere whilst the women were to be found in the domestic sphere [Gordon Marsden 1955]. Perhaps this splitting of realms, within the working and lower middling classes at least, into their respective roles was by-product of increasing industrialisation and its resultant hazards such as long working hours and poor working conditions imposed upon the family unit.The majority of women did not have the option not to marry: it was simply a necessity for survival. Because society prevented women from making their own living, there was an inescapable dependence upon men’s income; Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage her [Gordon Marsden 1955].Therefore, no matter what the women desired, most were predestined to become wives due to their economic reliance on men. Secondly, to be even considered as a potential wife, women had to be not only virgins, but were expected to remain innocent and â€Å"free from any thought of love or sexuality† until after they had received a proposal The fallen woman was quite a theme for the Pre-Raphaelites. In this painting, The Awakening Conscience, we see a mistress rising from the seat of her lover, seemingly stricken with the realization of what her life has become.The Awakening Conscience, painted by William Holman Hunt, is filled with symbolism: a cat crouches under the table devouring a dead bird, the woman’s hands are adorned with rings on every finger except where a wedding ring would be, and on the floor we see unraveling wool. The model in this painting is Annie Miller, who Holman Hunt â€Å"rescued from obscurity†. He was engaged to her and launched a campaign to better her [Gordon Marsden 1955]. As a women, then ,the first thing of importance is to be content, to be inferior to men, inferior in mental power, in the same proportion that you are inferior in bodily strength.Ruskin's defence of the Awakening Conscience in his letter to the Times helps to subvert the idea of women being dependent upon men; he refers to the model repeatedly as the ‘poor' ‘lost' girl. He victimises her and renders her as virtually helpless as she ‘starts up with agony', her ‘eyes filled with tears of ancient days’. Ruskin attempts to address the composition's power and immediacy from which ‘there is not a single object in all the room– †¦ but it becomes tragically if rightly read’[Hollis,P 1979]. He concludes that Hunt’s work challenges its contemporaries and that ‘there will not be found one powerful as this to meet †¦ he moral evil of the age†¦ to waken the mercy the cruel thoughtlessness of youth, and to subdue the severalties of judgement into the sanctity of compassion[Rutherford online n. d]. Hunt’s the Awakening Conscience, in this context may be seen as a form of morality text. The work was a direct outgrowth of mid-Victorian society which believed that prostitution posed an inherent threat to the stability of the middle-classes as prostitution encompassed and symbolised the worries of a newly industrialised society which could lead to social instability and perhaps even to a complete social breakdown.It was believed that he slide into prostitution was the end of a more general moral breakdown in one's life which was believed to stem from the act of seduction, in 1 840. William Tait in Magdalism, defined a woman's seduction as an ‘act of corrupting tempting, or enticing females from a life of chastity, by money of false promises'. The 1850 Westminster Review wrote that ‘women's desires scarcely ever lead to their fall; for the desire scarcely exists in a definite form until they have fallen; it may therefore be seen that the ideal women becomes de-sexed in her search for moral virtue [Rutherford online n. ]. William Holman Hunt's The Awakening Conscience represents not only a contemporary life subject of a fallen Magdalene but can be loosely interpreted as an example of portraiture by Pointon's definition in which we can see that the woman became as symbolically objectified as her image. In contrast Augustus Leopold Egg’s painting, known as Past and Present Nos. 1–3, (1858), is a triptych in the genre of narrative painting. The subject is the ‘fallen woman’ and together the three paintings depict an entir e scenario from discovery and outcast to the moments before the woman’s final demise.One picture shows the children alone in the home; the other picture shows their mother living under the Adelphi Terrace arches in London. The paintings â€Å"illustrate the tensions in Victorian culture between morality and sexuality†. Egg's â€Å"moral narrative on social issues†[ Patterson 2007 online ] was successful in drawing public attention to the need to address gender roles and their consequences such as divorce. The sad woman in the third picture, most likely contemplating suicide, is a result of legislation that allows a man to divorce his wife without compensation for adultery [Patterson 2007 online].Prostitution, was legal during the Victorian era, seemed to embody the second of the two categories of women present in Victorian society: the first was the pure wife and mother, the angel in the house; the other was the depraved and sexually-crazed prostitute. â€Å"Pr ostitution was a product of middle-class society and only socialism, it was claimed ,could put an end to the evil†[Nead L 1988]. However because wives and mothers were not truly respected, my belief is that prostitution reflected what men really considered all women to be: whores for the gratification of their sexual desires.And indeed in Victorian England a large number of women were prostitutes: â€Å"In a society that forced women into a position of economic dependence upon men. In conclusion men’s and society’s consistent definition of women’s roles according to their separate spheres and the reproductive system can also be seen through what today we would consider the ‘weird’ sexual values of Victorians. The issue of adultery was also skewed to favour men. While a wife’s adultery was sufficient cause to end a marriage, a woman could divorce her husband only if his adultery had been compounded by another matrimonial offence, such a s cruelty or desertion.Referencing List: Branes Lucy. (2007). Narrative Painting? Egg's Triptych And The Art of Persuasion. Available: http://www. victorianweb. org/painting/egg/paintings/barnes2. html Last accessed 29 May 2012. Hollis P ( 1979). The women's movement. London: George Allen & Unwin. 6-15. John A (1986). Unequal Opportunities Women's Employment in England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 45-261. Lewis J (1986). Women's Experience of Home and Family. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 123-249. Lynda Nead,1988,The Prostitution and Social Chaos,Blackwell Myths of sexuality Marsden,G (1995).Personalities and Perspectives in the Nineteenth Century Society. London: Longman. 3-11. Rutherford. A,A Dramatic Reading of Augustus Leopold Egg Untitled Triptych Available online http://www. tate. org. uk/research/tateresearch/tatepapers/07spring/rutherford. htm [accesses 22 March 2012] Sigsworth M,E (1988). In search of Victorian Values. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 89-100. Patterson,C. ( 2007). Men, Divorce And Custody. Available: http://menstuff. org/issues/byissue/divorcecustodygeneral. html Last accessed 29.

How Does Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Link to Different Poems?

In all the different texts that were studied, the themes of ‘Love & conflict’ are apparent. In Shakespeare’s Play ‘Romeo and Juliet’, we get the impression that perhaps the nurse has more affection for Juliet compared to her actual parents. It was the nurse that raised and breastfed her. Her parents seem to be quite remote and distanced and are more interested in controlling her. However, we see their genuine affection for her when they are grief-stricken after they discover Juliet’s death. In Catrin, like the Capulet’s, we can see the mother, Gillian Clarke attempting to control her daughter.But this is not a significant confrontation just a petty dispute in which the mother recognises that conflict will always be a part of mother/daughter relationships. This can be seen in What has Happened to Lulu, where the confrontation between mother and daughter has escalated to the point where the daughter felt she must leave. Similarly, in the p oem, A frosty Night, Alice is angry as her mother’s love is controlling and smothering. The texts suggest that relationships are not always healthy between parents and daughters.The structure of Romeo and Juliet takes the form of a traditional narrative with the developing problem of Juliet’s arranged marriage reaching a climax with her death then a resolution of the feuding families reconciling. In Catrin, the classical structure is abandoned: and replaced with a more complex narrative beginning with a flashback. It is the only at the end where we understand their conflict. In ‘A Frosty Night’ and ‘What has happened to Lulu? We see a more traditional structure with the story unfolding in a chronological way.However, what is interesting about the twentieth century texts is that none of them are resolved at the end unlike Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare’s play is quite alike ‘A Frosty Night’ as the conflict is revealed through dialog ue while in ‘Catrin’ and ‘What Has Happened to Lulu’ the narrative is conveyed through the first person. The social and historical contexts of the texts are marked differently. Romeo and Juliet was written in the late 16th century while the other poems were written in the modern day and, therefore, reflects the attitudes and values of their times.In Romeo and Juliet, unlike today, children weren’t expected to question the authority of their parents. Moreover, it was the tradition for parents to arrange their children’s marriage and sometimes leads to serious conflict. This is evident in Shakespeare’s play and ultimately leads to the death of both children. In all the poems, the conflict in a parent-child relationship isn’t as serious as in Romeo and Juliet. While Alice and Lulu felt restricted and constrained by their mothers they could at least have acted more assertive with their parents and even leave home as Lulu’s dis appearance was.In Catrin, the conflict is of a trivial nature which would make occurrence in most families. Despite their apparent differences, what is remarkable is that parent/child conflict has persisted through time and therefore it is possible to understand the confrontation between Juliet and her parent’s even though it was written over four hundred years ago. In all the texts, powerful emotive language is illustrated. In ‘Romeo and Juliet’, we see Old Capulet verbally attacks Juliet in an aggressive and threatening manner, â€Å"Hang thee, Young Baggage!Disobedient Wretch! † he screams. While in ‘Catrin’, Clarke uses the powerful metaphor â€Å"tight red rope of love which we both fought over†. In ‘A Frosty Night’, Robert Graves ends the poem and the mother/daughter conversation with Alice shouting, â€Å"Mother let me go†. Also, in ‘What Has Happened to Lulu† the younger sibling reveals â€Å"I h eard someone cry, in anger or in pain†. Perhaps it is not surprising that emotive language is employed after all the poems are borne out of love.

Free Essays on Civil War Long Arms

Civil War Long Arms In the Civil War up 95% of the total long arms were muzzle loading. In the early days of the war almost 100% of the rifles were muzzle loading. The muzzleloading rifle goes back to the midvil times. The popularity started in the early 1400's. Back then the firearms were bascicly hand held canons and you would like a fuse on a tube that was fastened to a wood handle. They wieghed in excese of 50 pounds in a lot of examples. They were unrielable, crude and often dangerous to the operators. In the early 1600's a new ignition system would change that forever. There was a trigger that when it was related would make the canon fuse spin against a flint and steel â€Å"frizzen† that would cause it to ignight the primary charge. These were called matchlock rifles. Then in the 1700's an even better system of ignightion would come about. This system eliminated the cannon fuse and had a piece of flint that when the trigger was released would strike it against a piece of steel. The sparks were directed into a small dish filled with finally granulated powder â€Å"pan† that this powder in it that led to the primar y charge . This system was called the flintlock and was far supiorerior to the matchlock. It was superior in that it wasn’t as easily affected by moisture and much more reliable, especially in wet conditions. Another system was developed in the early 1800's called the percussion system. The percussion system had a hammer strike a nipple which has a percussion cap on it which was a primer that was incased in brass. The hammer struck it which created a spark into the pan and set the chain reaction for the rifle to go off. This system was even more reliable and durable then the flintlock. During the early years of the war a sudden rush to get arms was demanded by both sides. Also both sides were trying to come up with an arm to out perform the other side that they could avoidably make. Tec... Free Essays on Civil War Long Arms Free Essays on Civil War Long Arms Civil War Long Arms In the Civil War up 95% of the total long arms were muzzle loading. In the early days of the war almost 100% of the rifles were muzzle loading. The muzzleloading rifle goes back to the midvil times. The popularity started in the early 1400's. Back then the firearms were bascicly hand held canons and you would like a fuse on a tube that was fastened to a wood handle. They wieghed in excese of 50 pounds in a lot of examples. They were unrielable, crude and often dangerous to the operators. In the early 1600's a new ignition system would change that forever. There was a trigger that when it was related would make the canon fuse spin against a flint and steel â€Å"frizzen† that would cause it to ignight the primary charge. These were called matchlock rifles. Then in the 1700's an even better system of ignightion would come about. This system eliminated the cannon fuse and had a piece of flint that when the trigger was released would strike it against a piece of steel. The sparks were directed into a small dish filled with finally granulated powder â€Å"pan† that this powder in it that led to the primar y charge . This system was called the flintlock and was far supiorerior to the matchlock. It was superior in that it wasn’t as easily affected by moisture and much more reliable, especially in wet conditions. Another system was developed in the early 1800's called the percussion system. The percussion system had a hammer strike a nipple which has a percussion cap on it which was a primer that was incased in brass. The hammer struck it which created a spark into the pan and set the chain reaction for the rifle to go off. This system was even more reliable and durable then the flintlock. During the early years of the war a sudden rush to get arms was demanded by both sides. Also both sides were trying to come up with an arm to out perform the other side that they could avoidably make. Tec...

Common Characteristics of the New England Colonies

Common Characteristics of the New England Colonies The North American colonies that were settled by the English are often divided into three different groups: the New England colonies, the Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies. The New England colonies consisted of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. These colonies shared many common characteristics that helped define the region. The following is a look at these key characteristics. Physical Characteristics of New England All of the New England colonies had been covered by ice during the last Ice Age, which created poor, rocky soil. The final melt-back of the glaciers left some of the rocky areas peppered with large boulders.Rivers are fairly short and their floodplains are narrow, unlike in other areas of America, and do not allow for the creation of huge agricultural plots along their banks.The major resources available and used by the colonists were lumber and fish. The People of New England The New England region was an area of mostly homogeneous culture, mostly settled by large groups of people from England who were fleeing religious persecution or seeking new opportunities.The New England colonists settled in towns, typically surrounded by 40 square miles of land that were farmed by the individuals who lived in the towns.Indigenous Native American groups such as the Pequot in Connecticut were involved in extensive trading with the Dutch, but the situation became tense when the English started arriving in the 1630s. Britain launched the Pequot War in 1636–1637, after which many Pequot were executed and many survivors were sold into slavery in the Caribbean. In 1666 and 1683, Connecticut colony built two reservations for the remaining Pequot. Major Occupations in New England Agriculture:  Farms surrounding the farms were not terribly fertile. As a group, the farmers brought a high degree of mechanical ingenuity and self-sufficiency.Fishing:  Boston began exporting fish in 1633. In 1639, Massachusetts Bay was exempted from paying taxes on fishing boats; and as a result, by 1700, the fishing industry was huge. The colonists obtained crustaceans and pelagic fish from saltwater bays and freshwater rivers, and Pilgrim fathers also hunted right whales off Cape Cod.Commerce:  Individuals from the New England area were heavily involved in commerce. Extensive trade with England allowed ship holders to flourish, and the New Englanders also maintained lucrative trade connections with the West Indies and French colonies to the north. New England Religion Calvinism and the Social Contract Theory: Many individuals who lived in the New England area were Calvinists or heavily influenced by John Calvins works and thought. While many look at John Locke as the primary founder of the idea of the social contract (which defined proper government as an agreement or contract between the individuals to join together into a society), the Calvinist doctrine was one of the first to espouse the idea in England. The fact that many New England settlers followed the religious doctrines of John Calvin meant that this theory was part of their religious heritage. Further, this belief in the importance of social contracts transferred to economic contracts as well.A Belief in Predestination:  One of the tenets of Calvinism is the idea of predestination. This was the belief that God had already predetermined everything, including who was going to heaven and who to hell. The idea that God had chosen the British colonies for a special destiny  to take the N orth American continent and develop and maintain an ideal of liberty and democracy later fed into 19th century manifest destiny. Congregationalism:  This style of religion means that the church itself was governed by its own members, and the congregation chose its own minister, rather than being assigned one by a hierarchy.Intolerance:  While the Puritans might have escaped England due to religious persecution, they did not come to America to establish religious freedom for all. They wanted to be free to worship the way they wished. In Massachusetts Bay colony, people who did not subscribe to the colony religion were not allowed to vote, and nonconformists such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams were excommunicated from the church and banished from the colony. The Spread of the New England Population The small towns only lasted a few years, as the populations outgrew the 40-acre supporting fields. That resulted in the rapid increase of many new small towns: instead of having a few large metropolises, New England was dotted with many smaller towns that were established by breakaway groups. This low-intensity settlement pattern lasted until the 1790s when a transition to commercial agriculture and small-scale industry began. In essence, during its first few decades, New England was an area that had been founded by a fairly homogeneous population, most of whom shared common religious beliefs. Because the region lacked huge tracts of fertile land, the area turned to commerce and fishing as their main occupations, though individuals within towns still worked small plots of land in the surrounding area. Slavery did not become an economic necessity in New England, as it grew to be in the Southern colonies. This turn to commerce would have a major impact many years later after the founding of the United States when questions of states rights and slavery were being discussed. Sources and Further Reading Carroll, Charles F. The Timber Economy of Puritan New England. Providence: Brown University Press, 1973.Foster, David R. Land-Use History (1730-1990) and Vegetation Dynamics in Central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80.4 (1992): 753–71.Foster, David R., Glenn Motzkin, and Benjamin Slater. Land-Use History as Long-Term Broad-Scale Disturbance: Regional Forest Dynamics in Central New England. Ecosystems 1.1 (1998): 96–119.Scott, Donald M. The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny. Divining America: Religion in American History. National Humanities Center.  Silliman, Stephen W. Change and Continuity, Practice and Memory: Native American Persistence in Colonial New England. American Antiquity 74.2 (2009): 211–30.Stout, Harry S. The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.  Yankee Whaling. New Bedford Whaling Museum, 2016.