Violence in America: Guns under Fire Essay

Guns are used for protection against mayhem when the unexpected happens. As the citizens of the United States of America, the amendments are there to protect the freedom of the people. The second amendment protects the right of each individual to keep, and bear arms, and to defend our property, and most importantly ourselves. In James Q. Wilson’s New York Times article, â€Å"Just Take Away Their Guns,† Wilson argues that restraining people from legally purchasing firearms do not have any effect on the illegal use of guns, and reducing the amount of people who are illegally carrying one. He adequately reasons how the eradication of illegal guns on the streets should be the main focus regarding toughening American gun control regulations, which are the most frequently debated topic in America. Wilson claims that frisks and stops will eliminate illegal guns, and not multiplying the forms one fills to purchase a gun. James Q. Wilson targeted legally gun owners as his audie nce, uses logos and ethos to his rhetorical approach, and an effective, but could have had an overall stronger argument. Law abiding citizens such as legally gun owners are the intended audience in his topic, because of the, â€Å"legal restraints on the lawful purchase of guns† (p.124). To eliminate illegal use of guns there must a compromise between the government, and the citizens of rightfully legal gun owners. Toughening gun control legislation will have little effect on the illegal use of guns, which essentially decrease the amount of citizens buying guns. Wilson claims that roughly 200 million guns are owned by law abiding citizens, although, these guns are not the ones that are generally used for illegal and unlawful acts. Illegal uses of guns are usually obtainable through stolen, borrowed, or privately purchased that are used for gang related activities, burglaries, and or violent crimes. Wilson then makes a point that an increase in gun control regulations would take a big hit on none other than those law abiding citizens. The main purpose of owning these guns is for self-defense and to protect their loved ones, and properties. Collins Professor of Management and Public Policy at the University of California, James Q Wilson noted that, â€Å"Many cities suffer from a shortage of officers† is the exact reason why the citizens of the United States of America cannot reply on the government officials, such as the law enforcement to protect  the people, and their properties (p.125). Even if the gun control legislation successfully reduce the amount of lawful citizens to own guns. How will the government reduce the amount of people who are illegally owning guns in the present as well as the future? Wilson stated in his story that, â€Å"The average police officer will make no weapons arrests and confiscate no guns during any given year† Which will result in more illegal guns out on the streets than the law abiding citizens with registered guns (p.125). That will definitely strikes fear into the people’s mind knowing they can’t protect themselves, and quite frankly, not enough police officers to protect each, and every individual people in America at any given point of time. Law abiding guns owners are the intended target audience because Wilson’s claim is â€Å"legal restraints on the lawful purchase of guns will have little effect on the illegal use of guns† (p.124). James Q. Wilson strengthens his argument through the use ethos and logos to elaborate and emphasizes his thesis and claims of â€Å"Our goal should not be the disarming of law-abiding citizens. It should be to reduce the number of people who carry guns unlawfully, especially in places- on streets, in taverns- . . . â€Å"(p.124). The use of ethos helps Wilson to reinforce his claims and establishes credibility in his essay by using the fourth amendment of the constitution, Mark Moore, who is a professor of public policy at Harvard University, Gary Kleck, who is a criminologist at Florida State University, and The National Rifle Association to back up his argument. The use of ethos is effective in this essay for this topic, because the topic requires valid examples, statements, and statistics to anchor Wilson’s claims of gun control legislation, and the reduction of illegal guns on the streets. James Q. Wilson points out; â€Å"The Fourth Amendment to the constitution bans à ¢â‚¬Ëœunreasonable searches and seizure.’†(p.125). The amendment caused, â€Å"ample law-enforcement personnel worry about having their cases thrown out for constitutional reasons or being accused of police harassment† which results in shortage of police officers throughout cities in America (p.125). Harvard University is one of the top colleges in America, and with Mark Moore, a professor of public policy at Harvard University stated, â€Å"found that most weapons arrests were made because of a citizen complained, not because the police were out  looking for gun.†(p.125). Wilson uses a professor from Harvard University is an exponential clever way of supporting his claim for the gun control legislation, and making his argument even more effective. Gary Kleck is a credible guy, because of his career as a criminologist at Florida State University, and he, â€Å"has estimated that every year, guns are used- that is, displayed or fired- for defensive purposes more than a million times, not counting their use by the poli ce†(p.124). This statement by Gary Kleck supported Wilson’s examples of guns that are used to defend ourselves, and our properties, and as well as the law enforcement usage of guns to protect the country. Finally, Wilson uses a quote from The National Rifle Association and its allies that, â€Å"’guns don’t kill people, people kill people’† to emphasize the importance of, â€Å"urge the government to punish more severely people who use guns to commit crimes† instead of worrying too much about how to ban guns from law abiding citizens (p.126). James Q. Wilson uses logos for logical argument about gun control legislation, and its restraint on guns purchase that fails to have great effect on the illegal use of guns. Most people would argued that less guns mean less violence, but what they don’t know is that most crimes committed by guns are illegal that was stolen, borrowed, or bought from the black market. Wilson uses logos in his essay with organized structure along with a clear and concise thesis created an effective argument that is easily understood and followed by his target audience that generated a well-planned essay. Wilson backed up his argument by giving facts such as, â€Å"In 1992 the police arrested about 240,000 people for illegally possessing or carry weapon. â€Å"This is only about one-fourth as many as were arrested for public drunkenness† (p.125). That number is considered low if it is divided by every state in America. Considering these illegal gun holders are protected under the fourth amendment of unreasonable searches and seizures, which most of them probably got away with. â€Å"The reasonable –suspicion test is much less stringent than the probable cause standard the police must meet in order to make an arrest . . . more than just a hunch; it must be supported with facts include someone acting in a way that leads an experienced officer to conclude criminal activity . . . someone fleeing at the approach . . . a person who fits a drug courier profile; a motorist stopped for a traffic  violation who has a suspicious bulge in his pocket . . . Supreme Court has also upheld frisking people on probation or parole† (125). A criminal who know how to use the law to their advantage could potentially get away for their crimes and wrongdoings, and it puts the people in danger by knowing these illegal gun users might n ot go to jail, but set freed on parole and/or probation. Wilson used logos to rationalize appeal to the reader by stating facts and statistics to prove his claim and blended it with ethos to establish credibility for his argument. James Q. Wilson effectively presents his argument in a persuasive approach that uses different techniques such as ethos, logos, and organization. Wilson makes his ideas easy to follow by making the flow more sinuous which results in the contribution of the cohesiveness of his overall argument. The structure is clearly well planned and constructed that consisted of claims followed by statistics, counterclaims, and rebuttals. Even though Wilson made his argument effective, he concluded his counterclaim with frisks and stops made by police officers by patting down individual that seems suspicious. â€Å"Innocent people will be stopped. Young black and Hispanic men will probably be stopped more often than older while Anglo males or women of any race† (p.127) However, When Wilson made this point; he alludes to the idea of racial profiling, and he loses credibility by such reasoning. James Q. Wilson argument in this essay presents claims that were debatable in an informative way, and his thesis suggested solutions to the central problem regarding gun control legislation, and its legal restraints on lawful purchase of guns. Through the use of many techniques, Wilson created a well-organized and effective argument. However, had he addressed the issue of racial profiling with evidence, then he could have had an improved and sturdier effective argument. Works Cited Wilson, James Q. â€Å"Just Take Away Their Guns.† Current Issues and Enduring Questions. By Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Bedau. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 124-27. Print.

Marketing Report Bokomo Foods Essay

1.0. A report presenting market data in order to inform a cereal company Bokomo Ltd. To consider whether to expand more in the United Kingdom market. 2.0 Executive summary. This is a short report, containing marketing data on both the cereal market and a specific business, Bokomo UK. The data was obtained from secondary marketing research. Bokomo ´s website was one of the main reference guide. With the findings and analysis, it was recommended that Bokomo should expand their own brand products more in the UK. The PEST analysis of the UK grocery industry included in this report was used to highlight the external factors that can affect Bokomo’s operation and interpret how these factors will influence Bokomo. Furthermore, through the market analysis it was found that Kellogg’s and Weetabix mainly lead the cereal industry, followed by Nestle and Jordans. These companies have a wide range of brands targeted at different consumers, and they have customer loyalty, which can make it harder for newer companies to enter this sector. As mentioned before, in the cereal market there are a large variety of targeted consumers like children, women, and families. The main key trends in the market are convenient snacks and consciousness towards health. Apart from that, own branded labels are also gaining popularity as they offer consumers the same product at a cheaper price. SWOT analysis allowed us to devise the company’s internal analysis. Strengths included their well-known reputation and customers such as large food retailers (Tesco ´s), to which they sell manufacture and packaging services. Weaknesses consist of the negative aspects the company faces, including their not household name, and general negative publicity they face in this complex sector. Opportunities were devised from the social factors from the PEST analysis as changes in consumer tastes and trends are opportunities were this company can benefit from by meeting those needs. These were also  an important part of the report as it affected the final recommendations for the company. Threats included the financial recession and increasing levels of immigration. Bokomo Foods is a major cereal producer in the United Kingdom, established around 80 years ago. Despite not being a household name, is a UK leading cereal maker and the company has achieved diversity by producing a range of own-label products. Furthermore, they manufacture branded products for large companies, as well as branded packaging services like Bag in Box, Pot or Pouch. All of these services are for leading retailers such as Tesco ´s, Sainsbury ´s and Morrison’s, among many others. 3.0 Introduction + Aim. This is a report whose aim is to present market data in order to inform Bokomo plc. a cereal company, whether further expansion in the UK market is beneficial at this time. The report will identify and analyse the current business situation, using SWOT analysis, and review the macroeconomic perspective of the general UK grocery industry using PEST analysis. The SWOT analysis will help us examine the specific company factors, as it is essential to understand these in order to relate them back to the PEST and market trends. Both internal and external factors affect how Bokomo will operate now and in the future. 4.0 The grocery market environment – PEST analysis 4.1 Political Political factors have a great influence on the analysis of external factors since they are determined by the degree of government intervention in the economy. The political situation in the UK is stable. Her Majesty’s Government, led by Prime Minister David Cameron of the Conservative Party, is mainly concerned about the financial crisis affecting economies all over the world and to strengthen the economic position of UK globally. Through employment legislations, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994). Migration has a large impact on the grocery industry, as it provides new customers, as well as opportunities for supermarkets to cater to the different culinary cultures of immigrants. Migration also leads to a change in size of labour pool, which could have an effect on the availability of workers. Latest figures from the Office for National Statistics show some 503,000 people came to live in the UK in the year ending June 2013, compared with 517,000 people the previous year (ONS.gov, 2013). 4.2 Economic Economic factors are important to consider in regard to the UK grocery market, as they are highly influential to demand, costs, prices, and profit. One of the most influential factors on the economy is high unemployment level, which decreases the effective demand for many goods, adversely affecting the demand required to produce such goods. Unemployment in the UK is at 7.1% as of January 2014, according to BBC. Another highly relevant economic factor is the grocery market size and the market growth. IGD forecast that the UK grocery market value will be worth  £205.9bn in 2018, a 21.3% increase on 2013 (IGD.com, 2013). This is beneficial news to Bokomo, since any expansion would be possible in regard to the availability of area in the market to expand. Another market characteristic of importance is the amount of spending on groceries in regard to overall retail expenditure in the UK. The grocery market’s share accounts for 54.9p in every  £1 of UK retail spending (IGD.com, 2013). 4.3 Social According to Askew (2013) sales in the cereal industry have been under pressure in these past years, especially due to the changing social trends and habits of consumers. Even though sales in this market have been stable, growth has been slow. Traditional breakfast habits have changed and people consume fewer cereals because of a busier lifestyle. Also increasing number of consumers skip breakfast. An increase in female workers has also had an impact on this, which is why competition for convenient options is growing  more each time. An increasing number of people now look for easy and quick alternatives to sitting down and eating. However, they expect to receive the same nutrients and healthy benefits with these convenient options. A growing number of women now pay special attention to what they are eating, checking the labeling, nutritional information and ingredients of each product. Increasingly, women have a greater concern with their weight and healthy eating. Lately, the demand for children’s cereals has declined because of the sugar content it has. Cereal companies use marketing to their advantage and attract kids with unhealthy products. Their main source has been television adverts and most of the cereals for children have high sugar content with low nutritional value, a fact of which more parents are aware. Apart from consumer concerns about health, they are also becoming more aware of the environment. In this specific market, many cereal companies now control their water use, energy use, waste produced, etc. Most of them also pay close attention to the packaging of the product, like using recycled packaging. Another social factor that affects the grocery market in general is the diverse culture in UK. There are so many people with different cultures that do not choose cereals as their first choice for breakfast; instead they have their own eating habits. Therefore, it is important for the producers in the grocery market to understand the needs of the entire population and meet them. Furthermore, supermarket own-brand products have gained a lot of popularity because of the economic downturn. As consumers have limited spending power, they prefer spending on a cheaper product that allows them to get the same benefits. 4.4 Technological In the present technological age, everyone, from personal to professional  interaction, is highly reliant on technology. Therefore, technological advances are important for the development and maintenance of business culture. Advances in technology have allowed the grocery industry to grow. An excellent example is the demise of Blockbuster, who was reluctant to explore online options, and their consequent refusal to buy Netflix and to adapt to changing trends lead to their bankruptcy and final closure on January 14, 2014. Online grocery shopping holds 11% of the distribution channels of the UK grocery market and predictions suggest online sales in the US will grow by 15% in 2014 to  £189.3 billion, while in Europe, sales are expected to rise by 18% to  £131.2 billion. Online shopping has helped people spend their day more efficiently and reduced the effort of having to carry heavy grocery bags. Technological advances at the supermarket has contributed to more efficient customer service and stocking efforts. The adoption of Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have greatly improved the efficiency of distribution and stocking activities, with needs being communicated almost in real time to the supplier (Finch, 2004). Devices such as the self-checkout machine and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have permitted the grocery industry to grow and accommodate customers in an effective way. 5.0 Description of product specific market 5.1 Main competitors The leading cereal brands and the biggest competitors of Bokomo cereals in the UK are Kellogg’s and Weetabix, reported Companies&Markets (2013). Kellogg’s arrived in the UK in 1922 and since then has maintained its position in the market, by focusing on innovation and expansion of their products. In 2012, it had 32% of value share, leading in the UK cereal market offering a wide range of products. Over the years, Kellogg’s has expanded to over 180 countries in the world and has around 39 brands of cereals. Weetabix, on the other hand, was launched in 1932; it has been a  long-standing brand and has fought its competitors to stay in this position in the UK. Weetabix has also introduced many different brands and has been innovating to adapt to consumer preferences over the years. Also Jordans, a breakfast cereal company based in Bedfordshire, founded in 1855. Although, the company produced its first cereal in 1981 called Original Crunchy, it was in the years between 2000 and 2005 when it faced rapid growth and became one of the largest cereal brands in the UK. Its great focus over the years has been on the packaging, to make it stand out in grocery stores and it is also known to be included in the â€Å"healthy, natural cereal segment† Moreover, Nestle formed in 1990. It was launched as a joint venture between General Mills and Nestle S.A. and named Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW). They offer the traditional cereals, as well as a range of brands including the world-known Cheerios. 5.2 Targeted consumers Cereal companies target many different kinds of people, although the easiest group of people to target has been children. BMSG (2013) stated they do it through advertisements on television, and somehow try to grab their attention by creating colourful, animated images and providing gifts in the cereal box each time. Another group targeted in this sector are the women because of their increasing concern for health and weight loss. Along with the children, women also form a big part of the consumers of this market. Nowadays, there are so many brands that have launched low-fat cereals and cereal bars also. Some also provide some advice, tips and dietary plans, Nytimes article (2010). Generally, families in the UK are also targeted consumers because some families still sit and have their meals together and believe that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Apart from that, families are more concerned with what they are eating, especially making sure that the smaller ones eat healthy (Marketingmagazine(2010) Unlike maybe some students at university who would not pay so much attention to their breakfast, particularly not on a daily basis. 5.3 Key trends in the cereal market Marketingmagazine (2008) stated A rising key trend in the cereal industry is the quick and convenient ‘good to go’ snacks, like cereal bars. Cereal bars have gained a lot of popularity among a wide range of audience in recent years because people not having time for breakfast. Due to this reason, there has been a significant decline in the sales of the cereal market. Companies have been mostly focusing on this convenient aspect of the market so that people don’t just skip breakfast entirely and their business doesn’t face a loss. As health also plays a crucial role in this market and recently people are more conscious about what they are putting in their body, convenient snacks are the best option as they cover both points. Nowadays, ‘good to go’ snacks are not just used for breakfast but also during the entire day as an alternative to other unhealthy snacks. As a result of the sudden popularity of these snacks, now there are a great variety of them in different formats. On the other hand, the popularity of own branded labels is growing in the grocery market. It saves consumers a significant amount of money and they offer a similar or better quality product. It has resulted in a much higher level of competition in the market. 5.4 SWOT Analysis Bokomo website (2014) 5.4.1 Strengths Bokomo is UK’s leading cereal maker; this is a major strength as they have established a firm position in the British cereal market. They operate in various markets inside the cereal industry, providing food manufacture, retailing and catering. Bokomo can provide tasty, fresh cereal products any business is looking for, at a very competitive and cost-effective price†. British company (although owned by South Africa’s Pioneer Foods) with substantial manufacturing plants in Wellingborough and Peterborough. This means Bokomo has the resources and specialist expertise to offer unique flexible manufacturing and packaging services. Companies needing a brand-new  breakfast cereal raced through New Product Development (NPD) or an innovative production line set up in record time can contact Bokomo. This makes them have an advantage as nowadays there are many organisations looking for branded cereal products. Bokomo is a world-class player, and in order to maintain that s tatus they need world-class facilities. They have two factories in the UK, specifically in Wellingborough and Peterborough. These factories offer them a cutting-edge manufacturing plant, in other words, the latest, high quality, reliable and sustainable facilities. This leads to the production of high quality products. Food standards are also controlled and supported by SAP business information software, which makes customers feel more confident and secure with the products and services Bokomo delivers. Bokomo ´s experts in the management team and the company ´s aim of constantly innovating and removing old production facilities has helped them produce large quantities of high quality products very efficiently and to the shortest imaginable lead-times. Their customers know Bokomo as a business that main objectives is to offer high quality products. This has been maintained by using high quality ingredients and top experts in recipe formulation. They are one of only 2 manufactures that produce wheat biscuits in the Northern hemisphere enabled them to have the largest control and knowledge of this production process. Even if Bokomo UK is based in the United Kingdom, they have also diversified. Geographic market diversification has enabled them to sell in many countries around Europe, Scandinavia and even as far as the United States of America or the United Arab Emirates 5.4.2 Weaknesses Bokomo stated â€Å"you’ve possibly never heard of us† – this means that individual customers do not know them as their own – branded products is very niche, and they are more specialized in producing in a business to business way. This is a very common weakness for companies that operate Behind the Brand. Constant changing of consumer’s tastes (opting for cereal bars, instant porridge or other breakfast solutions) can be considered a weakness, as its difficult and expensive to innovate and keep up to meet their needs. Difficulties to compete with well known brands cereals  products such as Corn Flakes, Crunchy Nut, Special K. Have to create a delicious product that attracts customers quickly and expensive to implement the R&D and marketing. On the other hand it can also be considered and opportunity. Negative publicity to which ready-to-eat cereals have been subjected due to their high sugar content 5.4.3 Opportunities Social trends are important opportunities for Bokomo. Customers aiming towards healthy living or any other lifestyle changes means there is an opportunity towards which research and operate in. They have achieved and been keeping up to date with this as they have many products related to this trend. Great health benefits, such as products enabling the final consumer to control cholesterol levels. Multi-grain flake is another trend and potential opportunity for Bokomo. Consumers are changing their tastes towards healthier goods, and leaving behind old-fashioned sugary confections. Consumers are also increasingly purchasing Branflakes as they are considered to be great for supporting a healthy digestive system. Another trend â€Å"busier schedules†, people are increasingly feeling they have no time to spend on having breakfast and snacks. Bokomo muesli is available to cater for the increasing demand for â€Å"breakfast on the go†. They offer them in bags and boxes, which facilitates the final customer to transport to their work place. This is an example of an opportunity for Bokomo because if they keep-up to date with trends, they will become more efficient and desirable for large retailers to purchase their products, and everyone will benefit form the sales. UK retailers are also focusing on added-value products: Add value by introducing natural minerals and vitamins into whole grain wheat and making the final product more healthy and nutritional. Own-label share of the business mix for large supermarket retailers. It is a main direction for Bokomo to go towards to as they can increase considerably their business operations, as the focus is now towards manufacturing own-label and branded products. Bokomo has realized the immense potential for expansion as the large retailers keep increasing the sale of this type of good. ‘One-stop’ shopping, or shopping in large supermarkets were customers can find any type of product in the same building has been  beneficial for Bokomo as these businesses are their main clients. If they increase their sales, Bokomo will also benefit from this, as they will sell them more and so increase revenue will mean increase levels of profitability. 5.4.4 Threats The cereal industry offers products which are considered to be relatively expensive, which can be easily replaced with simpler breakfast choices such as bread. The financial recession has been a main factor for the decrease in expenditure, specially concerning families, as there are other much cheaper products to replace the cereals and cereal bars. High unemployment has made a substantial impact on the demand for such goods, adversely affecting the demand required to product those goods. Increasing levels of immigration specially in the UK, has meant that they do not have the same culinary cultures and so those breakfast products will not satisfy the needs and wants of everyone. 5.0 Recommendations With the above analysis it is better for the company to target smaller retailers where their own labeled products won’t be affected by competitive brands like Kellogg’s, and when they achieve this they should concentrate more on developing their own branded products around the UK. As mentioned above in the SWOT analysis, cereal products are considered to be expensive due to the added value implemented on them so it would be better to decrease these levels of adding value and start off with lower prices, in recession periods. 6.0 Limitations Bokomo website allowed us to obtain up-to-date and official information and statistics of the company. The information was limited because the company sold themselves and emphasized on its positive aspects because they have to promote their brand to the consumers. A part from this we also used other sources including, online articles about food industry, which helped us, get an un-biased view of the company and the cereal market as a whole. The  drawback of using other sources or secondary research was that the methods used were unknown so we examined the most official and valid sources. 7.0 References Askew, K. 2013. Breakfast cereal: Are cereal sales going soggy? [Online] Available at: http://www.just-food.com/analysis/are-cereal-sales-in-developed-markets-going-soggy_id123417.aspx Bainbridge, J. 2010. Sector insight: Breakfast cereals | Marketing Magazine. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/990662/sector-insight-breakfast-cereals Bainbridge, J. 2008. Sector Insight: Cereal bars | Marketing Magazine. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/817580/sector-insight-cereal-bars Balchin, A. (1994) Part-time Workers in the Multiple Retail Sector: Small Change from Employment Protection Legislation? Employee Relations, Vol. 16 Iss: 7, pp.43 – 57 BBC News. 2014. UK unemployment rate drops to 7.1%. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25841570 BERKELEY, C. 2013. Cereal companies leverage online marketing to target children with sugary products | Berkeley Media Studies Group. [Online] Available at: http://w ww.bmsg.org/newsroom/news-releases/cereal-companies-leverage-online-marketing-to-target-children-with-sugary-products Bodimeade, M. 2013. UK breakfast cereals market dominated by Kellogg’s and Weetabix. [Online] Available at: http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/News/Food-and-Drink/UK-breakfast-cereals-market-dominated-by-Kelloggs-and-Weetabix/NI6602 Bokomo.co.uk. n.d. About | Bokomo. [Online] Available at: http://bokomo.co.uk/about Business News Daily (November 22, 2013) PEST Analysis: Definition and Examples, Available at: http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5512-pest-analysis-definition-examples-templates.html Euromonitor.com. 2013. Breakfast Cereals in the United Kingdom. [Online] Available at: http://www.euromonitor.com/breakfast-cereals-in-the-united-kingdom/report Igd.com. 2013. UK Grocery Retailing. [Online] Available at: http://www.igd.com/our-expertise/Retail/retail-outlook/3371/UK-Grocery-Retailing/ Internetretailing.net (March 18, 2014) UK retailers expected to make

Charles Wheelan

From 1997 to 2002, he was the Midwest correspondent for The Economist. He has also written for the Chicago Tribune, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and Yahoo! Finance. Wheelan is a regular contributor to the Motley Fool Radio Show on National Public Radio and to the Eight Forty-Eight program on WBEZ, Chicago Public Radio. Naked Economics, Wheelans first book, is an introduction to economics for lay readers. And Wheelans Naked Statistics (2013) is an introduction to statistics. He has also recently written The Centrist Manifesto. Works [edit] Books Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, W. W. Norton, 2002. ISBN 0-393-04982-5 Revealing Chicago: An Aerial Portrait, Harry N. Abrams, 2005. ISBN 0-8109-5874-0 Introduction to Public Policy, W. W. Norton, 2010. ISBN 0-393-92665-6 10 1/2 Things No Commencement Speaker Has Ever Said, W. W. Norton, 2012. ISBN 978-0-393-07431-4 Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data, W. W. Norton, 2013. ISBN 978-0-393-07195-5 The Centrist Manifesto, W. W. Norton, 2013. ISBN 0-393-34687-0

Laissez-Faire Economy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Laissez-Faire Economy - Coursework Example The resources are allocated by voluntary market transactions with very limited state intervention; the main role of government is to safeguard property rights of individuals. The belief is that both economy and the public would do without governmental involvement that may hamper the economy’s complete potential. However, a purely and effective laissez-faire economy is virtually non-existent; all successful national economies are buttressed by great and effective governments. Laissez-faire economies and liberal market systems lack adequate self-regulation mechanisms and this necessitates the government to intervene to prevent enduring economic crises and numerous social problems associated with pure Laissez-faire economy such as escalating income inequalities. Government’s intervention is also necessary to prevent market failure. Most economic systems are mixed with substantial state intervention, regulation and direction (Baumol & Blinder, 2011). State intervention in a n economy is critical to alleviate market failure. Frequently, market failure is an outcome of lack of information concerning the products available in the market among the consumers. In market failure, participants’ self-promoting actions fail to achieve an efficient outcome, so that it is possible to increase the welfare of one or more group of individuals without harming someone else welfare. Market failures can first result from an externality, which is an interdependency among two or more individuals that is not taken into account by a market transaction (Baumol & Blinder, 2011). An example includes pollution. Market failure may also be associated with public goods. A public good’s benefit can be received by payers and nonpayers alike once the good is provided. The provider cannot, therefore, keep a non-payer from consuming the good’s benefit, and this inability limits incentives on the part of users to finance the good’s provision. An example of suc h a public good is defense. A third source of market failures may stem from property rights that are either undefined or owned in common unrestricted or open access. Markets, which allow for the voluntary exchange of property rights, can only operate if these rights are recognized and protected. Common ownership when coupled with open access, would also lead to wasteful exploitation in which a user ignores the effects of his or her action on others (Baumol & Blinder, 2011). The presence of market failures means that some form of state intervention on a collective basis may be needed. Sometimes the state could be intervening as an outside authority to negotiate an agreement among the concerned parties. Fig. 1 (below): Examples of Market Failure and Ways the Government Intervenes To Remedy Them Types of market failure: †¢ Externalities †¢ Merit and demerit goods †¢ Public goods †¢ Natural monopolies †¢ Equity Types of government intervention: †¢ Taxes â⠂¬ ¢ Subsidies †¢ Regulations †¢ Public provision †¢ Transfer payments State intervention results into mixed economy system. This is where there is a merge of public and private organization and ownership of property. All rely on markets for some purposes, but also assigns some role to government. A mixed economy is one with some public (state) influence over the working of free markets. There may also be some public tenure amalgamated with personal property. It is more or less a blend of socialism and capitalism. In mixed

Ethical v. unethical hacking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical v. unethical hacking - Research Paper Example The revelations of individuals such as Julian Assange and Edward Snowden have underscored the pertinence and relevance of considering the potential for information to be compromised, hacked, and used by third parties that have never been given license or permission for such use. As such, the relevance of hacking is something that not only considers an individual hacker but entire corporations, or national security apparatus. For this very reason, the following plan will provide an overview for how information will be included, what will be discussed and what metrics will be utilized to measure and draw inference upon hacking and the differential, if any exists, between â€Å"ethical† and â€Å"unethical† hacking. In this way, the following brief discussion has analyzed a litany of both primary and secondary texts in the attempt to provide a valid and fair overview into the issues at hand. Furthermore, by discussing and analyzing the different theoretical approaches that different authors have made, in determining ethics and/or the definitions/interpretation of hacking, the analysis has engaged in a diverse approach to the literature and sought to reflect this with respect to the representations and determinations that have been made. In this evolved and highly digital era, cyber security is probably the most notable type of security individuals and companies ought to be concerned with. Businesses, governments, schools, banks, hospitals and virtually every modern institution that comes to mind keeps and organizes information it acquires electronically. Individuals also have a host of information stored electronically. This implies that highly sensitive information – from account and credit card numbers, to phone bills and medical records – is available to people who can decide to steal, manipulate, or share the information maliciously (Leeson & Coyne, 2005). Hacking is mostly

State Government Levy Tariffs on Imports Coursework - 1

State Government Levy Tariffs on Imports - Coursework Example The population of retired workers in America was 37.9 million as at December 2013, for instance (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2014). An increase in expenditure on Social Security and Medicare would hurt taxpayers and federal government on other sectors. Currently, the Federal government’s expenditure on other sectors such defense and sectors of security are equally high. Expenditure on defense and other sectors of security was $643 billion in 2013, representing 19 percent of the entire budget. Furthermore, the federal government’s expenditure is growing at a rate of 63 percent higher than the level of inflation, a trend that has been consistent for the past 20 years (Boccia, 2014). Based on the high level of expenditure that the federal government already has on social security and Medicare, it is unjustified to increase it. Lee, Johnson and Joyce (2008) recognize social security as a key income source for the retired. An increase would imply a consequential rise in the national debt. The greatest concern relates to a large population of retirees. Viable recommendations for the elderly to fund their retirement include proper use of personal savings. Programs to help the elderly boost personal investments would help them finance their retirement. Boccia, R. (2014). Federal Spending by the Numbers, 2014: Government Spending Trends in Graphics, Tables, and Key Points (Including 51 Examples of Government Waste). The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved December 14, 2014 from,

Adult Educator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult Educator - Essay Example It is true that being an adult educator is an extraordinarily diverse job marked with different forms of work domains and different kinds of institutions. Research has it that there is a greater degree of informal learning. In fact, from the researchers, eighty percent of all we learn is acquired informally (Usher et al, 2007, p.99). Conversely, only twenty percent of the learning process takes place in the learning institutions. In this case, teaching done in the institutions is given the bigger attention. This follows that, this is the section of learning which involves adult students that can be influenced by using combined forms of learning. What strengths propel one to be an exemplary teacher of adults? First, it is obvious that knowledge is a prerequisite quality for a good teacher. In addition to the professional knowledge, it is noteworthy for the tutor to consider enlarging his/her general knowledge on culture, humanity, society, methodology, psychology, politics and history . This will in turn, serve to boost the effectiveness in providing what the students need to know. In addition, this knowledge places the teacher in a good position to deal with the student’s curiosity and satisfy their diversified requirements. Devotion and passionate love for students are another quality that a skilful teacher needs to have. In general, the adult student exhibit diverse behavior. Consequently, the teacher must be well acquainted with methodologies of handling the students in gentle and loving manner. Paying scrupulous attention to the students and knowing how to keep calm in any situation is imperative at this point. This will help much when giving the students advice and help them realize where they have gone wrong to realize positive change. The only perfect and absolute trait of all good teachers is being reflective. This is so, as without it none of the other characters fully attains its goal. It has been observed that an outstanding teacher is required to think and reflect on their classes from time to time. In addition, the teacher gets so concerned over their students, methods of teaching and even materials used to teach. Following these, comparisons are made and contrasts drawn. The distinctions and parallels will be highlighted with respect to reviews and restoration. This works to ensure one keeps connected with the teaching and learning process. A respectable adult teacher should be comfortable with not knowing. This is a case where one is required to be honest about the dilemmas that cannot be solved immediately. This is notable as one is dealing with mature minds that require honesty. A teacher is expected to live with the dilemma for a while, while trying to come up with the solution (Usher et al, 2007, p.74). Another notable attribute is the ability to enjoy the work and students in class. This character serves to build up motivation and creativity and avoid burnout. Workings within the right parameters will help avoid making students feel irrelevant, misunderstood, or left out. Here, close observation, carefully evaluation, and acting on the finding are indispensable. Finally yet importantly, is the drive to inspire the student’s passion to undertake a study both under the guidance in class and out of class on their own? This quality is highly appreciated owing to its undeniable value. This is of enormous benefit, as class work does not sufficiently provide all the required knowledge; therefore, an excellent teacher succeeds to motivate students to carry on their active and successful self-study at home. Obviously, teaching students on how to do their study independently, resourcefully and successfully is something that every teacher should strive to realize. In what

Pulte Homes, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pulte Homes, Inc - Essay Example A desirable work atmosphere would contribute much to develop the creativity of the employees and they will be exited to develop and implement new strategies for the success of Pulte Homes. It is true that a system where the superiors exert unnecessary pressure on their subordinate will struggle for success and the people occupying such position should not trouble their assistants and it is desirable for the managers to appreciate the productive efforts of their subordinates and they should ensure that a rivalry is not generated among their workers. An unhealthy environment may some times constitute a situation where an employee is embarrassed to mention the name of the firm which he is working for. A favorable environment facilitates better communication and provision for exchange of thoughts among the team members which would motivate them to work for their company’s improvement and the result would be entirely different from that of a pressurized work. Hard punishments for m istakes would destroy the creativity of an individual and staff members should be supported to learn from their mistakes because, even an average performer could become the best in the next season if he is provided with better support and motivation. All these factors indicate the necessity of a healthy organizational culture in order to develop an empire beyond the seas for Pulte Homes. Management and leadership One could find a number of definitions for these two concepts as a result of the attempts made by so many experts to distinguish between them. Leadership sets a new goal or a vision for a group of followers headed by the leader himself, while management directs workers according to the established policies of a firm. As Fayol (1916), Daft (2003) and Griffin (2005) state, â€Å"Management is a set of activities including planning, organizing, leading, controlling and decision making, directed at an organization’s resources like human, financial, physical, and informa tion sources with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner† (Quoted in Vuskane, 2010. p.3). Managers therefore utilize the powers vested on them in order to arrive at the pre planned goals and the subordinates obey the instructions of their superiors to obtain the agreed remuneration. Studies have showed that managers generally possess stable families and lead a comfortable life and a resulting risk averting nature is observed among them. A leader, on the other hand, inspires others to follow him. Gardner (1986) had made an attempt to define leadership and according to him â€Å"leadership is the process of persuasion and example by which an individual (or team) induces a group to take action that is in accord with the leaders purposes or the shared purposes of all† (Rost, 1993, p.72). Leaders are always having consideration to others and most of them possess a charismatic style. Even though they give credits to others, leaders neve r turn to be friendly and often keep a distance with them. Gradual development of a firm could be observed if individuals occupying superior positions in business establishments possess both these qualities. Managers possess subordinates while the other has followers and in the present scenario managers are considered as

FAR Small-Business Preference Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FAR Small-Business Preference - Research Paper Example These programs are specifically designed to help the veteran owned as well as service disabled veteran owned small business to gain from the federal contracts The congress has established key legislations that outline the important programs to assist service veterans in federal contract markets. The first legislation to be passed by the congress was done in the year 1999 (McFetridge, 2012). The veteran entrepreneurship and small business development act would assist me as a veteran by giving me an edge in securing annual government –wide procurement. This law stipulates that approximately three percent of the government procurement contracts would be awarded to service disabled veteran owned small businesses (Calibre Systems, 2013). This includes the total annual value of all subcontract and prime awards thus I stand a higher chance of getting contracts. This is because am shielded from competition from other multinational organizations and companies thus I compete only with my fellow service disabled veterans for the three percent allocations who are also small business owners. The public law 109-461 outlines the veterans’ first contracting program and applies to VA acquisitions. This law permits the department of veteran Affairs to sole source and restricted set-aside to both VOSBs and SDVOSBs. This law also establishes contracting goals that are unique to veteran affairs. This provides for 10% and 7% target for SDVOB and veteran owned businesses respectively (Calibre Systems, 2013). However, this law also provides for the verification of the status of veterans to be done by the department of veteran affairs. This makes the key element differentiating this program from SDVOSB procurement program. In this regard, the status of the veterans cannot be self represented but must be verified by the department of veteran

Soundtrack for a Revolution Essay Example for Free

Soundtrack for a Revolution Essay A look at American history shows a legacy of many prominent forms of civil disobedience, the one being reviewed in this paper being the Civil Rights Movement during the twentieth century. Individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks were the figureheads that led to the attainment of the rights that African Americans were being stripped of. These astonishing and inspiring goals were met through their strenuous struggle, which included protests, rallies and other events surrounding the cause that finally led to African American citizens gaining their hard earned civil rights. Soundtrack for Revolution takes a look at the American civil rights movement, focusing on the role that music, spirituals and protest songs sang had on the pickets, sit-ins, and demonstrations of that turbulent era. Soundtrack of Revolution examines such pivotal moments such as the Montgomery bus boycott, the March on Washington, and the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. Through old footage and interviews, spirituals like Wade in the Water and We Shall Not Be Moved, and folk songs like Phil Ochs Heres to the State of Mississippi are each connected to specific aspects or moments of the movement. These songs had effects on change and continuity, culture and community, and finally on power and governance you can cage a singer but not song Harry Belafonte. Change and continuity is a classic debate that looks at how the world is shaped. This particular movie looks at the changes made in American society, specifically civil rights. The American people, especially African-Americans, faced many changes in the twentieth century. Challenges including gaining their civil rights, the Civil Rights Movement was where millions of African-Americans fought to get the rights they deserved, while at the same time retaining their common traditions. This movie examined pivotal moments such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system in Montgomery, Alabama. This campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person at the front of the bus, to December 20, 1956. This boycott led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional and unjust. This was a major win in the Civil rights movement and ultimately led the march on Washington. This victory along with their music brought them together we felt like it was going to be good trouble, it as necessary trouble. Congress man John Lewis, student movement leader said, it gave the African-American people a sense of hope and ignited the flame they needed. This quote is a clear representation of how they would do anything (non violent), even risking jail time, abuse and death to fight for their equality. Culture and Community are very closely related in the sense that people from the same culture or people that share common values will come together in united communities within areas as well as in large scale countries. This theme is evident in the movie Soundtrack for Revolution. The African-Americans were treated inhumanely and therefore they shared a common prejudice. This brought them together and ultimately led to them pushing for civil rights in the United States. There loyalty to the cause and their community is best seen during the various sit-ins they went through around Montgomery, Alabama. Sit-ins were a crucial part of the nonviolent strategy of civil disobedience and mass protests that eventually led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which ended legally-sanctioned racial segregation in the United States as well as the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that struck down many racially-motivated barriers used to deny voting rights to non-whites. The sit-ins were done at strategic areas, they were usually done at higher end cafes, diners, and restaurants where they would cause a greater statement. The African-American people that participated in these sit-ins were harassed constantly and were treated disgustingly, constantly being spit on or attacked. The protestors would sing together and had an immensely powerful spirit that could not be broken through violence you can break my bones but you cannot break my spirit,(Lynda Lowery, Selma protestor). This quote directly links to how powerful their spirit was and it shows that they werent afraid to do what they had to, to win their freedom. The theme of Power and Governance is a major reoccurring theme in this documentary. Throughout the movie we see the struggle of power between the blacks and the whites, however their battles were for very different things. The whites fought to maintain their power. They were governed by themselves but also had the assistance of the Montgomery law enforcement as well as the State of Alabama, which was governed by George Wallace. The blacks on the other hand, had only themselves. They relied on their music and their charismatic leader Martin Luther King Jr to get them through these hard times. Martin Luther King Jr was an American clergyman, activist, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King was best known for his role in the advancement of Civil Rights Movement using non-violent civil disobedience. He was a very brave man and ultimately payed the highest price for what he believed in. He was stabbed multiple times and was eventually assassinated. Martin Luther King Jr didnt fear death, he would do anything he could in his power to make the lives of millions better. The only way we can really achieve freedom; is to somehow conquer the fear of death, for if a man has not discovered something that he would die for, he isnt fit to live it, (Martin Luther King). This sense of loyalty to the cause inspired millions of African-Americans to do the same and together united by song they beat segregation, and were finally recognized as equals. In conclusion there have been many struggles in the world that have been overcome. The Civil Rights Movement was one of these amazing feats of man. In North America, for the most part, blacks, whites, Jews, and Arabs all live in harmony, we share schools, classrooms, playgrounds as well as morals. The movie Soundtrack for Revolution shows the story of the Civil Rights Movement and how songs, spirituals and protest songs held a group of courageous people together during their pickets, sit-ins, and non-violent demonstrations during a turbulent era. This was accomplished with the aid of Martin Luther King JR and on August 28, 1963 â€Å"The Great March on Washington took place, this was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history and it called for civil and economic rights for African Americans. The themes of change and continuity, culture and community, and finally on power and governance are very evident in the movie as well as how song relates to them you can cage a singer but not song Harry Belafonte.

Policies for Child Protection

Policies for Child Protection Introduction and Overview The concept of children having specific rights is of comparatively recent origin. Traditional perceptions of society towards children have for centuries held them to be emotionally, physically and intellectually immature, incapable of looking after their own selves and inadequately equipped to make their own decisions (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). With children furthermore being regarded as little more than possessions of parents, (with no personal rights of their own), the law has historically also granted unquestionable rights for chastisement and corporal punishment to parents (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). The subservient status of children in British society even a hundred years ago can be gauged from the fact that whilst the prevalence of child cruelty was common knowledge in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals came into being, in 1840, practically half a century earlier than the creation of the National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). Such was the widespread social and political agreement on the rights of parents to do as they willed with their children. Even in the days of the industrial revolution the penalty for seriously harming an animal was far more severe than for causing grievous injury to a defenceless child (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979). Although preliminary work on enhancement of children’s rights started haltingly in 19th century Victorian England, the perceived need to take better care of children grew and received concrete legislative backing only in the first half of the 20th century (Maier, 1979). Initial work in the area however focussed primarily on health, safety and education of children, and stopped well short of intruding upon the foundational rights of parents, or the patriarchal rights of fathers with regard to ownership and control (Maier, 1979). Legislative inroads into the all encompassing rights of parents, vis-à  -vis their children, grew rapidly only after the Second World War, and resulted in (a) the rising legal authority of social workers to protect children, and (b) the establishment of rights of children for primary and secondary education, as well as for comprehensive health facilities (Prout, 2000). Whilst the interventionist policy of the British welfare state reached its apex during the late 1970s, (and was based upon the idea that the state had every right to step in for the protection of children, if those caring for them failed to do so), this approach was toned down significantly in the wake of the dismantling of the welfare infrastructure in the mid 1980s (Prout, 2000). The enactment of the Children’s Act 1989, in the wake of the 1987 Cleveland Report, (Therapy with Children) brought about a sea change in the practice of service delivery, and the state and agency relationship for social work practice was subsequently recast by New Labour into today’s working partnership approach (Prout, 2000). Partnership working, a process that is at the heart of current initiatives of service delivery in community and social work, involves, as per the Audit Commission of 1998, a â€Å"joint working arrangements where parties, (which) are otherwise independent bodies, †¦ agree to co-operate to achieve common goals, create a new organisational structure on process to achieve these goals, plan and implement a joint programme and share relevant information, tasks and rewards† (Aldgate Statham, 2001, p 36). Whilst partnership working in social work is not a brand new concept and was in fact taken up during the years of the welfare state, (in various urban and community development partnerships in the 1970s, as also in the regeneration partnerships in the 1980s), its use in service delivery became widespread only after New Labour, which had previously announced its intention of shifting from a culture of contracting to one of partnership, came to power in 1997 (Aldgate Statham, 2 001). The working partnership model for service delivery can be considered to be significantly different, both from the bureaucratic functioning of Old Labour and the market orientation of conservatives; it is based on trust and communication, rather than on command or on price mechanisms (Aldgate Statham, 2001). Debate over the growing authority of social workers with regard to the protection of children, especially in the context of their staying with their parents or being entrusted to care, reached significant proportions for the first time in 1975, in the case of seven year old Maria Caldwell, where the social worker misrepresented the actual position of the case to the court and forced the child to return to her natural parents, despite the child having formed close bonds with her foster parents (Bullock Others, 1993). With little heed having been paid to the wishes of the child, (who used to repeatedly run back to her foster home), the decision of the court, on the recommendation of the social worker, led to the tragic death of Maria. The conviction of her father for manslaughter was followed by public outrage and debate that resulted in the enactment of the Children Act 1975, which in turn called (a) for taking the feelings of children into account in care decisions and (b) for their right for representation by a court appointed social worker, rather than by the social services department of the local authority (Bullock Others, 1993). Whilst media and public debate continued to focus on the need for interdisciplinary working between health, education, social services, and the police, in issues relating to child protection, the next watershed occurred only in 1987 when 121 children in Cleveland were taken into care by social service authorities on concerns of physical and sexual abuse at their natural homes. With opinion on the issue being sharply divided with the social workers and the medical fraternity on one side and the media and the police on the other, the Cleveland Report, (prepared by a committee set up to specifically investigate the matter), commented adversely on the breakdown of communication between agencies and the dominant tendencies of agencies to act without considering the feelings of children; it also discussed the possibility that parents might well act against the interests of their children and recommended the need to involve children in the decision making process (Prout, 2003). The Children Act 1989, which was influenced by the findings of the Cleveland Report, caused a major shift in child care policy; away from state intervention in family life; towards partnership with families and caregivers; and with an emphasis on child intervention in decision making (Prout, 2003). Despite the introduction of such legal and policy safeguards, the tragic affair of young Victoria Climbie, who was abused, tortured, and ultimately killed, in April 2000, by her aunt and the man with whom she lived, under the eye of social service agencies, revealed that true partnership in working, and consideration of the wishes of the child, was yet to take place (Prout, 2003). Commentary The report that followed the death of Victoria Climbie was accompanied with the publication of a green paper called Every Child Matters, which focussed on four key themes, (a) increasing the focus on supporting families and carers, the most critical influence on children’s lives (b) ensuring necessary intervention takes place before children reach crisis point and protecting children from falling through the net, (c) addressing the underlying problems identified in the report into the death of Victoria Climbie, namely weak accountability and poor integration, and (d) ensuring that the people working with children are valued, rewarded and trained (Background to †¦, 2008). The green paper was followed by intense debate and consultation with people working in children’s services, parents, children, young people and other members of society, and led to the publication of Every Child Matters: the Next Steps, and the enactment of the Children Act 2004 (Background to †¦, 2008), steps that provided legislative support for developing more effective and accessible services directed around the needs of children, young people and families, and the use of partnership working in child protection, the focus of this essay. The rights of children in present day Britain are legally protected by laws that deal especially with the protection and well being of children, as well as by laws on health care, education, and social security (Prout, 2003). Children’s rights are protected by family law, education law and employment law. The United Nations Convention on Human Rights, ratified by the UK in 1991, not only gives children over 40 specific social, economic, cultural/civil and political rights, but also provides guidance on how governments should enumerate and protect these rights (Prout, 2003). Whilst the British legal framework provides a robust support system for safeguarding children’s rights, New Labour has, over the last decade also worked at establishing the concept of working in partnership by all bodies, schools, local authorities, medical relief agencies, carers, and parents, for protecting children; it is a concept that calls for active involvement of parents and consultation with children as well as for their participation in the decision making process (Milligan Stevens, 2006). With participation with children also being a key tenet of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the practice of service delivery is shifting to include the views, opinions and experiences of children and young people in care, as well as in their natural homes (Milligan Stevens, 2006). This principle, that of enabling children to participate in the decision making process, however continues to be a topic of intense debate, with many individuals still remaining unconvinced of the ability of children to rise above their emotional predilections and take logical decisions. As the recent case of Baby P, the 17 year old infant who was tortured and murdered by her mother and her boyfriend in Haringey Council of North London shows, it clearly does not apply to children who are too young to express their feelings or to develop opinions. Whilst the benefits of allowing children to participate actively in decisions that concern their emotional and physical well being have been underlined time and again and indeed are integral to the modern partnership working model, it is difficult to apply the same yardstick, as is normal with adults, to all children (Milligan Stevens, 2006). The maturity and learning of children, child psychiatrists confirm, are strongly influenced by their life experiences, which include their natural home or care environments and their access to health services, as well as by care and learning programmes (Emond, 2003). A number of research studies reveal that the quality of early childhood life and programmes can significantly improve the ability of children to do well in education, work and in life; this being especially true of children who are experiencing disadvantage (Emond, 2003). Whilst such studies do point towards the existence of sharp differences in the abilities of children from diffe rent backgrounds to participate in decision making, such issues are accentuated for children in care or in disturbed domestic situations, because of the absence of the democratic process in their everyday lives (Emond, 2003). Extant research also points to the fact that notwithstanding governmental initiatives and instructions to social workers to involve children in decision making, the views of children or youth are seldom considered, not just by administrators but also by researchers. Two recent research exercises one by Berridge and Brodie, in 1998, and Thomas, in 2005, on children’s homes, whilst delving in depth on views of managers and social workers, give scant attention to the views of children (Stevens, 2006). Such attitudes, which are too ingrained to be removed by recent legislation, dampen cognitive evolution and the ability and confidence of children to participate in decision making. â€Å"Residential child care units may be seen as sites where these micro-political processes can be seen at work. Children in residential child care tend to be among the most powerless in social terms and reports of their opinions rarely contain their actual views† (Stevens, 2006). The extent to which children can participate, experts argue, can also be linked to the way they are perceived in society. Children in care are by and large perceived with ambivalence, either as possible victims who require to be taken care of, or as potential threats who need controlling; â€Å"one of the consequences of this ambivalence is that they are seen as passive recipients of services, and not as â€Å"active and creative actors, as a subject and citizen with potentials† (Stevens, 2006). Osborne and Bromfield (2007) concluded on the basis of an extensive study on children in care that the decision making facilities of such children can be affected in small and large ways by a multitude of developments. â€Å"Even small oversights can have a lasting and negative impact on the child or young person; for example, not being told why workers had moved on, or not being able to bring a pet to a new placement. Such occurrences can compound feelings of loss, grief, sadness and the feeling of being ‘different’ from other children and young people† (Osborne and Bromfield, 2007) A â€Å"CREATE† Foundation report (2004) found that children were also affected by negative care experiences that arose from systemic defects like the ones elaborated below: â€Å"(a) slow systemic procedures that prevented timely and adequate response, (b) court processes that did not adequately consult with children and young people, (c) lack of resources, support and training for carers and caseworkers, (d) inadequate early intervention strategies to support families to stay together and prevent entry into care (e) inadequate entry into care support, (f) inadequate support and preparation for young people preparing to leave car, and (g) inadequate post-care support.† (CREATE Foundation, 2004) Similar issues come up when children live in disturbed natural homes and feelings of insecurity and attachment could well make them cling on to oppressive natural parents or opt to remain in distressful conditions. Issues of culture and overall family environment also play a large part in shaping the response of children in disturbed homes, and partnership agencies and parents need to understand this phenomenon and respond accordingly. Children from ethnic backgrounds often face specific challenges on account of the different cultural environment of their homes, their inadequate English language skills, and the exclusion of their families from mainstream society. â€Å"There is apparent under-reporting of child sexual abuse in Britain’s Asian communities and a varied capacity amongst professionals to respond with cultural competence. Professional approaches originate in cultural contexts, which are often different from those of most British Asians. If the proportion of children and non-abusing carers from Asian communities who access relevant services is to increase, professionals need to develop better understandings of cultural imperatives which determine behaviour in those communities. Consultations with Asian women in Bradford reinforce the view that culturally competent practice and respectful dialogue are essential to the protection of children. They also highlight a number of recurring themes. Members of Asian communities are aware of child sexual abuse, they recognize that the issue needs to be addressed by all communities and they report that many of those affected within their own communities have found it difficult to acces s relevant services† (Gilligan, Akhtar, 2005). Decisions regarding removal of children from natural homes also need to take account of the influence of grandparents and fathers upon children and not be swayed totally by considerations of maternal ability and circumstance. With the role of grandparents in the lives of children reducing steadily, the role of fathers in child development, welfare and protection has never been more important. Fathers play critical roles in child development that often go much beyond that of providers of economic security, and incorporate nurturing, caring and supporting activities. Fathers play strong roles in (a) healthy child development in the home and school context, (b) creation of gender identity for both male and female children, (c) responsible sexuality and reduction of teen pregnancy, (d) emotional and social commitment, and (e) financial security. Whilst current service methodologies are women focussed, with social workers feeling more comfortable working with mothers, partnership working calls for much greater involvement of fathers, where possible, as well as consideration of the feelings of children about being separated from their fathers. â€Å"Mothers are the gate keepers to the father’s participation. Mothers have to believe that the family will benefit from the father’s participation. Furthermore, this discussion implies a systemic bias for excluding fathers. It is easier to manage the ongoing interactions over the course of a case by working only with one parent, the mother. In frontline practice, the potential for a compliant relationship with the mother takes precedence over a comprehensive working relationship with all the family.† (Father Involvement †¦, 2005) Mothers and social workers need to involve fathers as much as possible for partnership working to be more responsive towards child needs. Involvement of fathers by agencies could however lead to complications where relationships between parents are strained or in case of divorced and single mothers. Maternal grandparents can play significant roles in such conditions in creating conducive environments for protection and welfare of children and their involvement in partnership working could prove to be immensely beneficial. Conclusion The building of effective partnerships for protecting children is dependent upon involving all relevant agencies, namely the local authorities, social work agencies, schools, medical providers, police, community organisations, parents, and children. The recent episode, involving the horrific murder of the 17 month old child, known as Baby P, at the hands of her young mother and her boyfriend, despite the active engagement of social workers and medical practitioners, (Hyland, 2008) should not be seen as an aberration but as an indicator of the potential dangers faced by children in extremely different conditions and the individual and collective responsibilities that need to be exercised by all partnership members. The incident also reveals the vulnerability and limitations of methodologies that depend upon taking the opinion of children in cases where they are too young to express themselves. The extent of cooperation between social workers and parents also plays a critical role in the success of working partnerships. Whilst the barriers that come about because of cultural differences between social workers and members of Britain’s ethnic communities, especially from concepts of shame and honour, have already been elaborated earlier, barriers of class, income and education can also lead to lack of communication between social workers and parents and affect the appropriateness of decisions that concern child protection. In such cases, where unintended and invisible power differences work against the establishment of an equal working partnership, it is the paramount responsibility of social work agencies and social workers to build the foundation of a stable, democratic and equal working partnerships, take special pains to find out the wishes of affected children, and involve them as far as possible in the decision making process. The problems associated with knowing the wishes of children are complex; they differ from individual to individual, can be applied only to children over a certain age, and can even otherwise be solved only with patience, open mindedness, respect for children, and understanding. Working in partnership with parents for the protection of children, whilst a desirable objective, has numerous limitations and needs to be approached with care and caution. The adoption of a one shoe fits all approach in such cases is inherently fallible and can lead to horrific tragedy, as was evidenced by the Baby P tragedy, where the social workers kept the child with the mother despite numerous indicators of the dangers of doing so. Policy makers and social workers need to realise that all methodologies have their advantages and limitations. Social workers need to work with empathy; they need to scrutinise the working of all involved agencies, as well as parents, and refrain from being blinkered or authoritative in their approach, if they are to protect today’s beleaguered children from the fate that befell Maria Caldwell, Victoria Climbie, and Baby P. Words: 3290 References Ainsworth, F, (1997), Family-Centred Group Care: Model Building. Aldershot: Ashgate. Aldgate, J, Statham, J, (2001), The Children Act Now: Messages for Research. London: The Stationery Office. Background to Every Child Matters, (2008), Every Child Matters: Change for Children, Retrieved December 18, 2008 from www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/aims/background Badham, B, Wade, H, (2005), Hear by Right: Standards for the Active Involvement of Children and Young People. Swindon: NYA/LGA. Barber, J. G., Delfabbro, P. H., Cooper, L. (2001). The predictors of unsuccessful transition to foster care, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(6), 785–790. Bowes, J. M. and Hayes, A. (2004), Contexts and Consequences: Impacts on Children, Families and Communities, in J. M. Bowes (ed) Children, Families and Communities: Contexts and Consequences, Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Bowlby, J. 1951 Maternal Care and Mental Health, London: World Health Organization. Bronfrenbrenner, U, (1979) The Ecology of Human Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bullock, R, Little, M, Millham, S, (1993), Going Home, Aldershot: Dartmouth. Berridge, D, Brodie, I, (1998), Children’s Homes Revisited, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Cashmore, J, (2004), Child Protection and Substitute Care: The Responsibility of Families, Community and State’, in J. M. Bowes (ed) Children, Families and Communities: Contexts and Consequences, Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Colton, M., Sanders, R. and Williams, M, (2001) An Introduction to Working with Children: a Guide for Social Workers, Houndmills: Palgrave. CREATE Foundation, (2004). In their own words: Experience of ACT children and young people in care. Canberra: Office of the Community Advocate, Delfabbro, P. H., Barber, J. G., Bentham, Y, (2002), Children’s satisfaction with out-of-home care in South Australia, Journal of Adolescence, 25, 523–533 DeLeon, P, (1997), Democracy and the Policy Sciences, New York: State University of New York Press. Dryzek, J. S, (1990), Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy and Political Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Emond, R, (2003), Putting the Care into Residential Care: The Role of Young People, Journal of Social Work 3(3): 321-337. Father Involvement in Child Welfare, (2005), Jordan Institute for Families, 11, 1 Fulcher, L. C, (1985), Group Care Practice with Children, London: Tavistock. Gardner, H. (2004a). Perceptions of family: Complexities introduced by foster care. Part 1: Childhood perspectives. Journal of Family Studies, 10, 170–187. Gibbs, I, Sinclair, I, (1999), Treatment and Treatment Outcomes in Children’s Homes, Child and Family Social Work, 4: 1-8 Gilbertson, R., Barber, J. G, (2002), Obstacles to involving children and young people in foster care research, Child and Family Social Work, 7, 253–258. Gilligan, P Akhtar, S, (2005), Cultural Barriers to the Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse in Asian Communities: Listening to What Women Say, British Journal of Social Work, 36(8):1361-1377 Hyland, J, (2008), The tragic death of Baby P, WsWs, Retrieved December 18, 2008 from http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/dec2008/baby-d04.shtml Maier, H, (1979), The Core of Care: Essential Ingredients for the Development of Children at Home or away from Home, Child Care Quarterly 8(4): 161-173. Milligan, I, Stevens, I, (2006) Residential Child Care: Collaborative Practice, London: Sage. Milner, J. (2001), Women and Social Work, Basingstoke: Palgrave. O’Neill, C, (2004), I remember the first time I went into Foster care—It’s a long story†¦ Children, permanent parents, and other supportive adults talk about the experience of moving from one family to another. Journal of Family Studies, 10, 205–219. Osborne, A Bromfield, L, (2007), Participation of children and young people in care in decisions affecting their lives, Australian Institute of Studies, 6 Prout, A, (2000), Children’s Participation: Control and Self-Realisation in British Late Modernity, Children and Society, 14(4): 304-315. Sinclair, R, (1998), Involving Children in the Planning of their Care, Child and Family Social Work 3: 137-142. Stevens, I, (2006), Consulting Youth about Residential Care Environments in Scotland, Children, Youth and Environments 16(2): 51-74. Retrieved December 18, 2008 from http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye Thomas, N, (2005), Has Anything Really Changed? Managers’ Views of Looked after Children’s Participation from 1997-2004, Adoption and Fostering, 29(1): 67-77. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, full text version. Retrieved on December 18, 2008 from www.unicef.at/kinderrechte/download/crceng.pdf Ward, H, Skuse, T Munro, E.R, (2005), The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Young People’s Views of Care and Accommodation, Adoption and Fostering, 29(1): 8-17.

The Negative Effects of Automobile Emissions Pollution Essays -- Envir

The Negative Effects of Automobile Emissions Pollution Charles Dickens wrote about the dirty conditions of London, England by saying, "Smoke lowering down from chimney pots, making a soft black drizzle, with flakes of soot in it as big as full-grown snowflakes – gone into mourning, one might imagine, for the death of the sun . . . Fog everywhere . . . fog down the river, where it rolls defiled among the tiers of shipping, and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city" (Qtd. Langone 28). The problem with the air back in Dickens’ day was all of the coal that was burned for heat and power. Today, we do not often use coal in our individual homes or businesses, but we still have a big problem with our air. Automobiles are our main problem today. In almost every large metropolitan area in the world, the effects of the pollution released from the cars can be seen, smelt and felt by the average person. When science and technology step in and actually measure the amounts of pollution present, the effects become even more shocking. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) measures the amount of pollution in our air on a scale they call the Pollution Standards Index or the PSI. This scale measures several different pollutants including: carbon monoxide, ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide (EPA 2). Automobiles contribute to four of the six pollutants measured on the scale: Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide (Patterson 6). The scale also explains at what levels the pollutants become unhealthy and what we should do to protect ourselves. At the Good and Moderate levels of the scale, there are no serious health effects found. At the Unhealthful... .... Phoenix, August 1991. "Environmental Profile for: Maricopa County, Arizona. Air Quality". Environmental Protection Agency. 24 November, 1998. http://www.epa.gov/epahome/general.htm Kraft, Michael. Vig, Norman. Environmental Policy in the 1990’s. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994. Langone, John. Our Endangered Earth. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. Levy, John. Contemporary Urban Planning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997. Lorenzetti, Maureen S. Alternative Motor Fuels. Tulsa: PennWell Publishing Co., 1996. Morgan, James, et al. The Technical Feasibility, Socio-Economic Impact and Environmental Benefits of Alternative Energy Vehicles As Related To The State of Arizona. Northern Arizona University, 1986. Patterson, D.J. Emissions From Combustion Engines And Their Control. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1972.

Free Yellow Wallpaper Essays: National Identity :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

National Identity and The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman is an author whose writing is based on individuals making up America's collective identity. "The Yellow Wallpaper" is from the vantage points of being a woman, at a time when women were not supposed to have individual thoughts and personalities. At this time in history, the social roles of women were very well-defined: mothers and caretakers of the family, prim and proper creatures that were pleasant to look at, seen but not heard, and irrational and emotional. The identity of women were presupposed on them by men. At the time this story was written, social criticisms were on the rise and writers had more of an outlet to express themselves. Women's suffrage provided by many female writers, such as Gilman, the means to air the wrongs against women. The main character (a sort of parallel to Gilman herself) experiences post-partem depression, and at this point in time, there was no knowledge of this condition. It was generally thought that the nervous condition suffered by women after birth was caused by a weak moral/mental state. The narrator's husband, John takes her to an old, gothic house, away from all the care and stress of the world. This is supposed to be for her own good. To get some rest and to heal her "weak" mind, she lies in bed, almost locked in her room, left to stare at this ugly, yellow wallpaper. The ugliness of the wallpaper begins to consume her mind as the room turns more into a prison than a place of healing. The main character's though processes become apparent as the story progresses. When she first talks of the pattern, she only describes the pattern and the color briefly: "I never saw a worse paper in my life. One of those sprawling, flamboyant pattern committing every artistic sin... The color is repell ent, almost revolting..." But the pattern becomes more detailed-- in a sense, she has given the pattern life: "Looked at in one way, each breadth stands alone; the bloated curves and flourishes- a kind of 'debased Romanesque' with delirium tremens- go waddling up and down in isolated columns of fatuity." As she begins to pay more attention to detail, her mind starts becoming more and more unstable. However, with this deterioration comes her realization of the situation she is in. At the end of the story, it is evident that the woman trapped in the wallpaper represents the main character-- she has started to talk in first person: "'I've got out at last,' said I, 'in spite of you and Jane.

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress Essay -- Papers

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress From the inception of the Constitution, there has always been a power struggle between the President and Congress. In the beginning, Madison and the Jeffersonians were placed in a gridlock with Hamilton and his school of political philosophy. Andrew Jackson fought to extend the powers of the President, then Congress spent 50 years fighting to repeal the powers of the Executive. Abraham Lincoln refined Jacksonian presidential politics, then Congress impeached his successor, Andrew Johnson, for fear of another quasi -- tyrannical President. Even today, a Congress, whose majority is of the same party as the President, fights 24 hours a day to check the power of President George W. Bush. But why, and how? Inherent Power Struggles Within the Constitution: Article I, Section I -- "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives" VS. Article II, Section I -- "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America" Article II, Section II -- "The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States" - The Founders' ambiguous and contradicting language sets the stage for a power struggle between the Executive and the Legislative branches - Being that the Founders were political masterminds, they realized that unique circumstances would demand some deviations from the restraints that the Constitution places on both the Executive and the Legislature - Founders anticipated that during times of crisis', the nation would need ... ... in office and how the congress will act toward the President; whether he be a President that demands respect or one who forfeits it and whether the Congress gives in to the demands of the Executive or if the Congress comes down on t he Executive like a hammer on a nail. This can be accomplished by viewing the circumstances in which a President takes office, the manner in which he carries himself during his term, and the way in which the President leaves as Commander in Chief. Conclusion: The President has neither gained nor lost power. There exists the same balance between Executive and Congress as there was when Washington was sworn in as America's first President. The only difference between then and now, is the fact that today we must wade through the layers of insignificance and precedents that history has forged against us, the political thinker and historian.

George Gittoes

George Gittoes Case Study George Gittoes, born 1949 in Rockdale Sydney, NSW has trained at, The Yellow House, Sydney, NSW 1970-1971, Art Students’ league, New York, USA and The University of Sydney in 1968. George is an artist of many talents, he is known as a ceramist, screen artist, performance artist, printmaker, draughtsman, painter and photographer. Gittoes is also a filmmaker, known well for his documentary Soundtrack to War filmed throughout 2003-2004. His documentary captures authentic recounts from individuals who have experienced or are experiencing the war in Iraq.In this quote George explains why he partakes in works about war and humanitarian issues in today’s world, â€Å"Why do I do it? As far as choosing the roads I have traveled, I have this instinct that if I get comfortable, the work will lose its ‘sting’, so I go out of the comfort zones and into the wilderness to find my art. In the past it was the natural world where predators fed on gentler creatures. In the contemporary context, I go alone into a different kind of human wilderness – Rwanda, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq – not to contemplate nature, but the basics of humanity†¦ George Gittoes (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/George_Gittoes) George Gittoes artwork, white earth is oil on canvas portrays political corruption and how youth were immersed in the propaganda of Nazi Youth. On the work, the boy’s ears are distorted, expressing the impossibility of closing them now and not listening to the lies he is immersed in. By using blue and yellow dividing lines in the background it separates the boy from the two official behind him giving orders and leading him.Gittoes witnessed an Afrikaner-Weerstands Beweging (AWB) rally during his visit to South Africa in 1994, there he saw a 15year old boy immersed in the propaganda of Nazi Youth. Whilst being pestered by photographers, Gittoes sympathises for the boy, as he recounts the rape and tortured . The boy in the work is too young to fully understand the political corruption circling around him and was stuck between being used by the AWB and being tortured by international press. You can relate to why the boy has shut his eyes, to lock out the controversy, but it is near impossible to shut his ears to the hate propaganda being inflicted on him by Terre Blanch (the figure to the right as explained by George). One side of the boy’s body is unnatural enlarged as if expressing his sway toward Terre and away from the other figure. If this is what is happening it explains why the other figure has one hand raised over his face in despair. This explains the world now and the world almost 20 years ago, as one of propaganda, corruption and the influences of political figures.The artwork White Earth explains in the title the racism that is ever so abundant in our world even to today. This belief of an all white country is thrust upon many, especially the young and naive like the boy being harassed in South Africa by corrupt political leaders or figure of authority. Gittoes is renowned about the way he creates work s by inspiration of his life experiences. He has a great deal of passion for art and humanity to be an eyewitness to the suffrage of mankind throughout the world is carried in his work. The social class portrayed in this painting is high and low.The political leader and dictator Terre Blanch is high in social class, whereas the boy may be lower in class making him an easy target for manipulation and subject to receiving hate propaganda from authority figures. The meanings shown in this is the meaning or influences, that what you here you are persuaded to believe even if you shut your eyes they cannot be blocked out. George Gittoes works are controversial but inspiring based on the true-life events that he witnesses he tries to portray, the emotions, belies, and stories through elements and aspect of the artwork.This artwork was well received by s ome but not all as some don’t believe in the Nazi youth propaganda and support Terre Blanch’s views. In conclusion this artwork ‘White Earth’ by George Gittoes is an in-depth representation of corruption, racism and power held by those few people trust and look to-political leaders. George has captured what I assume many are trying to get away from, hearing about hate propaganda, we can all shut our eyes but not many can shut their ears as well.

Acid Mine Drainage in the Mid-Atlantic Region

Acid Mine Drainage ( AMD ) is presently the chief pollutant of surface H2O in the middle Atlantic part. AMD is caused when H2O flows over or through sulphur-bearing stuffs organizing solutions of net sourness. AMD comes chiefly from abandoned coal mines and presently active excavation. AMD degrades more than 4,500 watercourse stat mis in the middle Atlantic part with the loss of aquatic life, and restricts watercourse usage for diversion, public imbibing H2O and industrial H2O supplies ( U.S. Environmental Protection Urgency, 2009:27 ) South Africa is a water-stressed state. Security of H2O supply has become a cardinal strategic issue every bit good as driver for continued and sustained economic growing and service bringing to the people of South Africa. The South African excavation sector is one of the critical pillars and drivers of the South African economic system. However, excavation activities are besides associated with environmental taint such as acerb mine drainage ( AMD ) . AMD is extremely acidic H2O, normally incorporating high concentrations of metals, sulfides, and salts as a effect of excavation activity. The major beginnings of AMD include drainage from belowground mine shafts, overflow and discharge from unfastened cavities and mine waste mopess, shadowings and ore reserves, which make up about 88 % of all waste produced in South Africa. Drain from abandoned belowground mine shafts into surface H2O systems ( decant ) may happen as the mine shafts fill with H2O. Although the chemical science of AMD coevals is straightforward, the concluding merchandise is a map of the geology of the excavation part, presence of microorganisms, temperature and besides of the handiness of H2O and O. These factors are extremely variable from one part to another, and, for this ground, the anticipation, bar, containment and intervention of AMD must be co nsidered carefully and with great specificity. The gold excavation industry in South Africa ( chiefly the Witwatersrand Goldfield ) is in diminution, but the post-closure decant of AMD is an tremendous menace, and this could go worse if remedial activities are delayed or non implemented. For illustration, acid mine H2O started to pour from defunct flooded belowground mine workings near Krugersdorp on the West Rand in August 2002, taking to contaminated surface H2O. Randfontein and the Wonderfontein Spruit are besides debatable. These instances have received significant media attending, which has been critical of the attempts so far to turn to the jobs. In the absence of redress, there is likely to be well more decant in future, with potentially terrible deductions for aquatic systems. AMD from coal excavation is debatable in the Highveld Coalfield in Mpumalanga, and has been reflected by media attending on the effects of terrible pollution seen in the Loskop Dam and the Olifants River Catchment. It is likely that new coal excavation in the Waterberg Coalfield ( Limpopo Province ) will take to similar jobs in that country in the hereafter ( CSIR: Briefing Note 2009/02 August 2009 ) 2.3.2 Acid Mine Drainage Mine drainage is metal-rich H2O formed from chemical reaction between H2O and stones incorporating sulphur-bearing minerals. The overflow formed is normally acidic and often comes from countries where ore or coal excavation activities have exposed stones incorporating fool's gold, a sulfur bearing mineral. Metal-rich drainage can besides happen in mineralized countries that have non been mined. Acid Mine Drainage occurs as follows: & A ; bull ; Mine drainage is formed when fool's gold, an Fe sulfide, is exposed and reacts with air and H2O to organize sulfuric acid and dissolved Fe ; & A ; bull ; Some or all of this Fe can precipitate to organize the ruddy, orange, or xanthous deposits in the underside of watercourses incorporating mine drainage ; & A ; bull ; The acid overflow further dissolves heavy metals such as Cu, lead, quicksilver into land or surface H2O ; & A ; bull ; The rate and grade by which acid-mine drainage returns can be increased by the action of certain bacteriums. Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage are as follows: & A ; bull ; Contaminated imbibing H2O ; & A ; bull ; Disrupted growing and reproduction of aquatic workss and animate beings ; and & A ; bull ; Corroding effects of acid on parts of substructure such as Bridgess The badness of, and impacts from, AMD/ARD are chiefly a map of the mineralogy of the stone stuff and the handiness of H2O and O some dissolved metals may stay in solution. Dissolved metals in acerb drainage may include lead, Cu, Ag, manganese, Cd, Fe, and Zn, among other metals. Elevated concentrations of these metals in surface H2O and groundwater can prevent its usage as imbibing H2O or aquatic home ground ( Banister et al. , 2002:4 ) . 2.3.3 Acid Drainage Generation Acid is generated at mine sites when metal sulphide minerals are oxidized and sufficient H2O is present to mobilise the sulfur ion. Metal sulfide minerals are common components in the host stone associated with metal excavation activity. Prior to excavation, oxidization of these minerals and the formation of sulfuric acid is a map of natural weathering procedures. The oxidization of undisturbed ore organic structures followed by the release of acid and mobilisation of metals is slow. Natural discharge from such sedimentations airss little menace to having aquatic ecosystems except in rare cases. Mining and mineral extraction operations greatly increase the rate of these same chemical reactions by taking big volumes of sulphide stone stuff and exposing increased surface country to air and H2O. Materials/wastes that have the possible to bring forth ARD as a consequence of metal excavation activity include mined stuff, such as spent ore from pile and dump leach operations, shadowings, and waste stone units, every bit good as overburden stuff. AMD coevals in the mines themselves occurs at the cavity walls in the instance of surface excavation operations and in the belowground workings associated with belowground mines. The potency for a mine or its associated waste to bring forth acid and release contaminations depends on many factors and is site-specific. These site-specific factors can be categorized as coevals factors, control factors, and physical factors. Coevals factors determine the ability of the stuff to bring forth acid. Water and O are necessary to bring forth acerb drainage ; certain bacteriums enhance acerb coevals. Water serves as a reactant, a medium for bacteriums, and the conveyance medium for the oxidization merchandises. A ready supply of atmospheric O is required to drive the oxidization reaction. Oxygen is peculiarly of import in keeping the rapid oxidization catalyzed by bacteriums at pH values below 3.5. Oxidation of sulfides is significantly reduced when the concentration of O in the pore infinites of mining waste units is less than 1 or 2 per centum. Different bacteriums are better suited to different pH degrees and physical factors ( discussed below ) . The type of bacteriums and population sizes change as growing conditions are optimized ( Wade et al, 2002:5 ) Chemical control factors determine the merchandises of oxidization reaction. These factors include the ability of the coevals stone or having H2O to either neutralize the acid ( positive consequence ) or to alter the wastewater character by adding metals ions mobilized by residuary acid ( negative consequence ) . Neutralization of acid by the alkalinity released when acerb reacts with carbonate minerals is an of import agencies of chairing acerb production and can function to detain the oncoming of acerb production for long periods or even indefinitely. The most common neutralizing minerals are calcite and dolomite. Merchandises from the oxidization reaction, such as H ions and metal ions, may besides respond with other non-neutralizing components. Possible reactions include ion exchange on clay atoms, gypsum precipitation, and disintegration of other minerals. The disintegration of other minerals contributes to the contaminant burden in the acerb drainage. Examples of metals happeni ng in the dissolved signifier include aluminum, manganese, Cu, lead, Zn, and others ( Pulles et al. , 2005:7 ) . Physical factors include the physical features of the waste or construction, the manner in which acid-generating and acid-neutralizing stuffs are placed, and the local hydrology. The physical nature of the stuff, such as atom size, permeableness, and physical weathering features, is of import to the acerb coevals potency. Though hard to weigh, each of these factors influences the potency for acerb coevals and is, hence, an of import consideration for long term waste direction. Particle size is a cardinal concern because it affects