Progress or Alienation :: Technology Scientific Technological Essays

Progress or Alienation Our society has alienated itself far from the reality of the way things are and the way they should be, through the use and misuse of scientific knowledge and technology. Science is defined as, â€Å"a logical organized method of obtaining information through direct, systematic observation.† Sometimes science does not seem organized, in fact it seems like it opens us up to a different realm of possibilities that have consequences far beyond our wildest dreams. Scientific knowledge is something that sometimes cannot be controlled or monitored, but needs to be for the sake of the greater population. Those with the most power, for example political leaders and corporation giants, are often allowed privileged information that could jeopardize the safety of all of us. Now whether or not this information is taken in good faith, or for the almighty dollar doesn’t mean its right, nor does it mean that we should not explore scientific possibilities. Science stimulates our minds and forces us to use critical thinking and analysis based on our previous knowledge. Not all scientific information is wrong or incurs consequences, but like all data there is a right and a wrong way to distribute it. Scientific progress on the other hand is what has helped out society gain the knowledge and insight to live better lives through the advances in medical technology, the strategy of war, and the exploration of space. Not all scientific knowledge is misused, and it’s only brought to our attention when it has been. When this occurs people often question the validity of scientific work which leads to criticism. Some scientific progress will bring with it disruptive change in our society, but with change comes progress and the hope that we can better our lives. In the two stories I will present in this paper, Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† and Catherine Asaro’s â€Å"The Veiled Web,† they discuss the negative consequences of the actions from people who try and offer good insight to the scientific community and the general population. In both stories, two men take it upon themselves to manipulate science for the good of mankind. Both believe that good will come from their actions but neither consider the consequences of failure. The men in these stories are intent on their work and do not realize that others will turn it against them for destructive purposes. In â€Å"Frankensteinâ€Å", Victor Frankenstein realizes the destructiveness of his behavior, when it’s too late, and regrets it immensely.

Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 58~59

58 Malink's Song â€Å"They're flying the new pilot in tomorrow,† said Sebastian Curtis. â€Å"I told them that Tucker wouldn't fly, so he had to be eliminated. They weren't happy about losing the heart and lungs.† Beth Curtis sat at her vanity, putting on her eye makeup for the appear-ance of the Sky Priestess. The red scarf was draped over the back of the chair. â€Å"Did you check the database? Maybe we can send another set of or-gans back with them. I can pick the chosen tonight and keep them in the clinic until tomorrow morning.† â€Å"The customer already died,† Curtis said. â€Å"Well, I guess he really was sick, then.† She laughed, a girlish laugh full of music. Sebastian loved her laugh. He smiled over her shoulder into the mirror. â€Å"I'm glad you're not concerned about Tucker Case. I understand, Beth. Really. I was just jealous.† â€Å"Tucker who? Oh, you mean Tucker dead-at-sea Case? ‘Bastian, dear, I did what I did for us. I thought it would keep him under control. Write it off as one of life's little missteps. Besides, if he's not dead now, he will be in a day or so.† â€Å"He made it here on the open ocean. Through a typhoon.† â€Å"And with the navigator. Remember, I've seen him fly. He's dead. That old cannibal is probably munching on his bones right now.† She checked her lipstick and winked at him in the mirror. â€Å"Showtime, darling.† Malink trudged through the jungle, his shoulders aching from the basket of food he was carrying. Each day he had been taking food to Sarapul's hiding place. It was not that he didn't trust his people, but he did not want to burden any of them with such a weighty secret. The last of them to see the cannibal saw him covered with blood, gasping in the sand. Malink had told them that Sarapul was dead and that Malink had given his body to the sharks. A chief had to carry many secrets, and sometimes he had to lie to his people to spare them pain. After the third day, Malink was ready to let the cannibal go back to his house on the far side of the island. The guards were no longer searching, and the Sorcerer had stopped asking questions. Perhaps things would go back to the way they were. But maybe that wasn't right either. Malink didn't want to, but he believed the pilot. The Sky Priestess and the Sorcerer were going to hurt his people. He was too old for this. He was too old to fight. And how do you fight machine guns with spears and machetes? He paused by a giant mahogany tree and put the basket down while he caught his breath. He saw smoke drifting in streams over the ferns and looked in the direction it was coming from. Someone was there, obscured by a tall stand of taro leaves as big as elephant ears. There was a rustling there. Malink crouched. â€Å"You're not scared, are you, squirt?† Malink recognized the voice from his childhood and he wasn't scared. But he knew he didn't have to say so. â€Å"I am not a squirt. I am old man now.† Vincent swaggered out of the taro. His flight suit and bomber jacket looked exactly as Malink remembered. â€Å"You're always gonna be a squirt, kid. You still got that lighter I gave you?† Malink nodded. â€Å"That was my lucky Zippo, kid. I shoulda hung on to it. Fuck it. Spilt milk.† Vincent waved his cigarette in dismissal. â€Å"Look, I need you to build some ladders. You know what a ladder is, right?† â€Å"Yes,† Malink said. â€Å"Of course you do, smart kid like you. So I am needing you to build, oh, say six ladders, thirty feet long, strong and light. Use bamboo. Are you getting this, kid?† Malink nodded. He was grinning from ear to ear. Vincent was speaking to him again. â€Å"You're talkin' my ear off, kid. So, anyway, I need you to build these ladders, see, as I am having big plans for you and the Shark People. Large plans, kid. Hugely large. I'm talking about substantial fuckin' plans I am having. Okay?† Malink nodded. â€Å"Good, build the ladders and stand by for further orders.† The flyer began to back away into the taro patch. â€Å"You said you would come back,† Malink said. â€Å"You said you would come back and bring cargo.† â€Å"You don't look like you been shorted on the feedbag, kid. You got your cargo in spades.† â€Å"You said you would come back.† Vincent threw up his hands. â€Å"So what the fuck's this? Western Union? Don't go screwy on me, kid. I need you.† The pilot started to fade, going as translucent as his cigarette smoke. Malink stepped forward. â€Å"The Sky Priestess will tell us orders?† â€Å"The Sky Priestess took a powder fifty years ago, kid. This dame doing the bump and grind on my runway is paste.† â€Å"Paste?† â€Å"She's a fake, squirt. A boneable feast to be sure, but she's running a game on you.† â€Å"She is not Sky Priestess?† â€Å"No, but don't piss her off.† With that the pilot faded to nothing. Malink leaned back against the mahogany tree and looked up through the canopy to the sky. His skin tingled and his breath was coming easy and deep. The ache in his knees was gone. He was light and strong and full, and every birdcall or rustle of leaves or distant crash of a wave seemed part of a great and wonderful song. 59 Call in the Cavalry They had missed Guam and Saipan (passing at night) and all the Northern Mariana Islands (drifting in fog) and Johnston Island and all ships at sea (no reason, they just missed). The sunscreen had run out on the seventh day. The drinking coconuts ran out on the fourteenth. They still had some shark meat that had been smoked and dried, but Tuck couldn't choke down a bite of it without water. They had had nothing to drink for a full day. They were at sea for three days before Sepie came out of her catatonia, and after a day of sobbing, she started to talk. â€Å"I miss him,† she said. â€Å"He listen to me. He like me even when I am being mean.† â€Å"Me too. I treated him badly sometimes too. He was a good guy. A good friend.† â€Å"He love you very much,† Sepie said. She was crying again. Tuck looked down, shielding his face so she couldn't see his eyes. â€Å"I'm sorry, Sepie. I know you loved him. I didn't mean to put him in danger. I didn't mean to put you in danger.† She crawled to his end of the canoe and into his arms. He held her there for a long time, rocking her until she stopped crying. He said, â€Å"You'll be okay.† â€Å"Kimi say he would sail me to America someday. You will take me?† â€Å"Sure. You'll like it there.† â€Å"Tell me,† she said. She grilled Tuck about all things American, making him explain everything from television to tampons. Tuck learned about men, about how simple they were, about how easily they could be manipulated, about how good they could make a woman feel when they were nice, and how much they could hurt a woman by dying. Telling the things that they knew made them each feel smart, and sharing the duties of sailing the boat made them feel safe. It was easier to live in the little world inside the canoe rather than face the vast emptiness of the open ocean. Sepie took to curling into Tuck's chest and sleeping while he steered. Twice Tuck fell asleep in her arms and no one steered the boat for hours. Tuck didn't let it bother him. He had accepted that they were going to die. It seemed so easy now that he wondered why he'd made such an effort to escape it on the island. Roberto hadn't spoken since the first night. He hung from the lines and pointed with a wing claw when Tuck called to him. When Tuck was still reckoning, he reckoned that they were traveling at an average speed of five knots. At five knots, twenty-four hours a day, for fourteen days, he reckoned that they had traveled well over two thousand miles. Tuck reckoned that they were now sailing though downtown Sacramento. His reckoning wasn't any better than his navigation. On the fifteenth day Roberto took flight and Tuck watched him until he was nothing but a dot on the horizon, then nothing at all. Tuck didn't blame him. He accepted his own death, but he didn't want to watch Sepie go before him. At sunset he tied off the steering oar, took Sepie in his arms, and lay down in the bottom of the boat to wait. Sometime later – he couldn't tell how long, but it was still dark – he woke with a parched scream when a tube of mascara dropped out of the sky and hit him in the chest. Sepie sat up and snatched the tube from the bottom of the boat. â€Å"To make you pretty,† she said. Her voice cracked on â€Å"pretty.† Tuck was too disoriented to recognize what she was holding. He took it from her and squinted at it. â€Å"It's mascara.† â€Å"Roberto,† Sepie said. Tuck looked around in the sky, but didn't see the bat. It was beginning to get light. â€Å"You brought us mascara? We're dying of thirst and you brought us mascara?† â€Å"Kimi teach him,† Sepie said. Tuck didn't think he had the energy left for outrage, but it was coming nonetheless. â€Å"You†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sepie put a finger to his lips. â€Å"Listen.† Tuck listened. He heard nothing. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Surf.† Tuck listened. He heard it. He also heard something else, a rhythmic stirring in the water much closer to the canoe. He looked in the direction of the noise and saw something moving over the water toward them. â€Å"Aloha!† came out of the dark, followed by a middle-aged white man in an ocean kayak. â€Å"I guess I'm not the only one who likes to get out early,† he said. In their first hour at the Waikiki Beach Hyatt Regency, Sepie flushed the toilet seventy-eight times and consumed two hundred and forty dollars' worth of product from the minibar (five Pepsis and a box of Raisinets). â€Å"You poop in here and it just goes away?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"In this big bowl?† She pointed. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"You poop?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And you push this?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And it goes away?† â€Å"That's right.† â€Å"Where?† â€Å"To the next room.† Plumbing. They hadn't talked about plumbing. â€Å"And they push this and it goes away?† â€Å"Look, Sepie, there's a TV in here. You push this and it changes the picture.† Tuck couldn't be sure because they'd never had sex and because she'd told him about how she could fool a man, but he thought she might have come right then. He made her promise not to leave the room and left her there flushing and clicking while he went to the police. The desk sergeant at the Honolulu police department listened patiently and politely and with appropriate concern right up until Tuck said, â€Å"I know I look a little ratty, but I've been at sea in an open boat for two weeks.† At which point the sergeant held up his hand signifying it was his turn to talk. â€Å"You've been at sea for two weeks?† â€Å"Yes. I escaped by boat.† â€Å"So how long ago did these alleged murders happen?† â€Å"I don't know exactly. One about a month ago, one longer.† â€Å"And you're just getting around to reporting them now?† I told you. I was trapped on Alualu. I escaped in a sailing canoe.† â€Å"Then,† the sergeant said, â€Å"Alualu is not a street in Honolulu.† â€Å"No. It's an island in Micronesia.† â€Å"I can't help you, sir. That's out of our jurisdiction.† â€Å"Well, who can help me?† â€Å"Try the FBI.† So Tuck, on the cab ride to the FBI offices, changed his strategy. He'd wait until he got past the front line of defense before spilling his guts. The receptionist was a petite Asian woman of forty who spoke English so precisely that Tuck knew it had to be her second language. â€Å"I'm sure I can help you if you will just tell me what it is that you'd like to report.† â€Å"I can't. I have to talk to an agent. I won't be comfortable unless I talk to a real agent.† She looked offended and her speech became even crisper. â€Å"Perhaps you can tell me the nature of the crime.† Tuck thought for a moment. What did the FBI always handle on television? Al Capone, Klansmen, bank robberies, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Kidnapping,† he said. â€Å"There's been a kidnapping.† â€Å"And who has been kidnapped? Have you filed a missing persons report with the local police?† Tuck shook his head and stood his ground. â€Å"I'll tell an agent.† The receptionist picked up the phone and punched a number. She turned away from him and covered her mouth with her hand as she spoke into the mouthpiece. She hung up and said, â€Å"There's an agent on his way.† â€Å"Thanks,† Tuck said. A few minutes later a door opened and a dark-haired guy who looked like a mobile mannequin from a Brooks Brothers window display entered the reception room and extended his hand to Tuck. â€Å"Mr. Case, I'm Special Agent Tom Myers. Would you step into my office, please?† Tuck shook his hand and followed him though the door and down a hallway of identical ten-by-twelve offices with identical metal desks that displayed identical photos of identical families in identical dime-store frames. Myers motioned for Tuck to sit and took the seat behind the desk. â€Å"Now, Rose tells me that you want to report a kidnapping?† Special Agent Myers unbuttoned the top button of his shirt. â€Å"You allowed to do that?† Tuck asked. â€Å"Casual Fridays,† the special agent said. â€Å"Oh,† Tuck said. â€Å"Yes. Kidnapping, multiple murder, and the theft and sale of human organs for transplant.† Myers showed no reaction. â€Å"Go on.† And Tuck did. He began with the offer of the job on Alualu and ended with his arrival in Hawaii, leaving out the crash of Mary Jean's jet, the subsequent loss of his pilot's license and pending criminal charges, anything to do with cargo cults, cannibals, transvestites, ghost pilots, talking bats, and genital injuries. As he wrapped up, he thought the edited version sounded pretty credible. Special Agent Myers had not changed position or expression once in the half hour that Tuck had talked. Tuck thought he saw him blink once, though. Special Agent Myers leaned back in his chair (casual Fridays) and templed his fingers. â€Å"Let me ask you something,† he said. â€Å"Sure,† Tuck said. â€Å"Are you the Tucker Case that got drunk and crashed the pink jet in Seattle a few months ago?† Tuck could have slapped him. â€Å"Yes, but that doesn't have anything to do with this.† â€Å"I think it does, Mr. Case. I think it affects the credibility of what is already an incredible story. I think you should leave my office and go about the business of putting your life in order.† â€Å"I'm telling you the truth,† Tuck said. He was fighting panic. He worked to stay calm. â€Å"Why would I make up a story like that? As you pointed out, I've got enough on my plate just rebuilding my life. I'm not so stupid that I'd add charges for filing a false crime report to all the others. If you have to take me into custody, do it. But do something about what's going on out on that island or a lot more people are going to die.† â€Å"Even if I believed your story, what would you like me to do?† And there Tuck lost it.† ‘Special agent.' Does that mean that you had to take the little bus to the academy?† â€Å"I was at the top of my class.† A rise. â€Å"Then act like it.† â€Å"What do you want, Mr. Case?† Tuck jumped up and leaned over the desk. Special Agent Myers rolled back in his chair. â€Å"I want you to stop them. I want covert action and deadly technology. I want Navy SEALS and snipers and spies and laser-guided smart stealth gizmos out the ying-yang. I want surgical strikes and satellite views and a steaming shitload of every sort of Tom Clancy geegaw you got. I want fucking Jack Ryan, James Bond, and a half-dozen Van Damme motherfuck-ers who can jump through their own asses and rip your heart out while it's still beating. I want action, Special Agent Myers. This is evil shit.† â€Å"Sit down, Mr. Case.† Tuck sat down. His energy was gone. â€Å"Look, I'm giving myself up. Arrest me, throw me in jail, beat me with a rubber hose, do whatever you want to do, but stop what's going on out there.† Special Agent Myers smiled. â€Å"I don't believe a word you've told me, but even if I did, even if you had evidence of what you're claiming, I still couldn't do anything. The FBI can only act on domestic matters.† â€Å"Then tell someone who handles international matters.† â€Å"The CIA only handles matters that affect national security, and frankly, I wouldn't embarrass myself by calling them.† â€Å"Fuck it, then. Take me away.† Tuck held out his arms to receive handcuffs. â€Å"Go back to your hotel and get some rest, Mr. Case. There are no outstanding warrants for your arrest.† â€Å"There aren't?† Tuck felt as if he'd been gut-punched. â€Å"I checked the computer before I brought you in here.† Myers stood. â€Å"I'll show you out.† After another cab ride and another truncated telling of his story, Tuck was also shown out of the Japanese embassy. He found a pay phone and soon he had been hung up on by both the American Medical Association and the Council of Methodist Missionaries. He found Sepie curled up on the king-size bed, the television still blaring in the bathroom, three minibottles of vodka empty on the floor. Tuck considered raiding the minibar himself, but when he opened it, he opted for a grapefruit juice instead of gin. Getting hammered wasn't going to take the edge off this time, and at this rate, the money he'd left on deposit at the desk in lieu of a credit card – the money that Sarapul had found in Tuck's pack – would run out in two days. He sat down on the bed and stroked Sepie's hair. She had put on mascara while he was out and had made a mess of it. Funny, she'd walked into the hotel wearing one of Tuck's shirts – the first time she'd worn a top in her life – looking very much the little girl and now she had on makeup and was passed out drunk. Tuck had a feeling that coming to America was not going to be easy on either of them. He kissed her on the forehead and she moaned and rolled over. â€Å"Perfume tomorrow,† she said. â€Å"You get me some, okay?† â€Å"Okay,† Tuck said. â€Å"A woman who smells good is a woman who feels good.† The phrase rattled off the walls of his brain. He snatched up the phone and punched up information. When the operator came on, he said, â€Å"Houston, area code 713†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

the person I admire most - 1743 Words

The person whom I admired first time is my mother. But, if we talk about the famous person, I can say that, he is Mahatma Gandhi. He was from India. He is known as the â€Å"Father of nation† in India as he played a very important role in gaining the freedom of India. Mahatma Gandhi gave the Indian People not only freedom but also the new thoughts on non-violence and sustainable living. There are some qualities about him like trust, non-violence, legacy, etc. These qualities are the ones that inspired me. He said that â€Å"If my faith burns bright as I hope it will even if I start alone, I shall be alive in grave and what is more speaking from it†. Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in small town named Porbander. Gandhi was a lawyer†¦show more content†¦From this, I gain â€Å"a basis for my life-long philosophies†. I believe in non-violence, therefore I think that killing animals is not right. Also animals are just like humans and we would not kill humans for our meals. Meghavi: Why you believe in non-violence? Why did you choose the path of Non-violence protesting? Gandhi: â€Å"There are many causes that I am prepare to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for†. I was like this from my childhood. I was inspired for promoting non-violence by the religions of India, especially Jainism and Hinduism. I don’t like to kill anybody or even insects because we can’t make them alive, so we have not right to kill them. Since people used violence to gain freedom for India, we got our independence a few years later than we would have if we had only used non-violence. Meghavi: How do you feel about the criticism towards your ideas? Gandhi: Sometimes, I feel awful when I heard about the negative remarks about me. However, I took them in a positive aspect. I accept full responsibilities for the results of my actions. Meghavi: Why did you decide to wear only ‘Khadi’ (Kind of fabric) that is made by ‘Charkha’? (Spinning wheel, the equipment by which you can make the fabric) Gandhi: I don’t want to wear any kind of the fabric that is not made in India. One more thing that is by making the fabric, we can try to remove the unemployment from the India as there is large amount of unemployment. Meghavi:Show MoreRelatedThe Person I Admire Most1083 Words   |  5 PagesTHE PERSON I ADMIRE MOST Talk about the person that I admire so much, a lot of names run through my mind. My mother, sister and some good friends. I even wanted to write about Shim Changmin, the man that made my eyes pop out and he is my love at first sight among the Korean boy bands. But then , I decided to write about a person whom I admire so much and who has influenced me a lot . she is my best friend from my hometown, Kerteh , Terengganu. 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The Effect Of Cronbachs Alpha, Mean, And Standard...

1 Table 3 below presents the results for each of the main research constructs for the Cronbach’s alpha, mean, and standard deviation for each question. From this table, it is evident that the questions strongly relate to each construct measurement with all items scoring a greater than 0.8 Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The internal consistency of these items can be deemed reliable as researchers generally suggest that values above 0.7 are acceptable with values above 0.8 being preferable (Pallant, 2013). Because the reliability of these construct measurements was established, the later statistical analysis presented in this study can allow for valid generalizations to be extrapolated from the survey data. 5.2 Are we Related (Correlations of Variables) According to Sanders et al, correlations of 0.5 (or-.5) can demonstrate strong relationships between variables (Saunders, 2012). However, most researchers generally cap correlations at .85 (or -.85) suggesting that too high of a correlation may reduce the variables discriminate validity, that is the variables are measuring the same or similar constructs (Churchill Jr, 1979). The correlation between the constructs developed for this project were considered using the Pearson’s r correlation coefficient in Figure 2 below. The results of the survey suggest there is a strong positive relationship between brand satisfaction and the potential for bike sharing to satisfy both latent (Pearson’s r =.826) and expressed needs ofShow MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Impacts Of Daily Moods1138 Words   |  5 Pages Of the TEDS sample, 314 sets of twins, both identical and fraternal, were gathered and permissions were received from guardians. 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The averages of the Portuguese JCQ scales did not differ substantially from those obtained in other European, North American, and Japanese studies, albeit they were slightly lower in the Brazilian case. In general, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients revealed performance similar to other large-sample studies, showing acceptable internal consistency. The coefficients were relatively similar for formal and informal jobs. Factor analysis revealed high consistency with the theoreticalRea d MorePurpose. The Purpose Of This Non-Experimental Communication2526 Words   |  11 Pagesaccomplish set goals (Babcock-Roberson and Strickland, 2010). Transformational Leadership James MacGregor Burns first introduced transformational leadership concept in 1978. He first defined leadership as a process that, â€Å"leaders and followers raise each other to higher levels of morality and motivation† (Coppola Ledlow, 2014. p. 119). 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Environmental Impact Assessment(Eia) - 2278 Words

TITLE - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), it s introduction, purpose, methods of EIA, EIA conducted in India, Environmental Impact Statement(EIS). INTRODUCTION : DEFINITION : An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the possible positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the environmental, social and economic aspects. PURPOSE : The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and†¦show more content†¦Some of the methods are GMP-RAM, INOVA etc.[8] †¢ Fuzzy Arithmetic - EIA methods need specific parameters and variables to be measured to estimate values of impact indicators. However many of the environment impact properties cannot be measured on a scale e.g. landscape quality, lifestyle quality, social acceptance etc. and moreover these indicators are very subjective. Thus to assess the impacts we may need to take the help of information from similar EIAs, expert criteria, sensitivity of affected population etc. To treat this information, which is generally inaccurate, systematically, fuzzy arithmetic and approximate reasoning methods ca n be utilised. This is called as a fuzzy logic approach.[9] At the end of the project, an EIA should be followed by an audit. An EIA audit evaluates the performance of an EIA by comparing actual impacts to those that were predicted. The main objective of these audits is to make future EIAs more valid and effective. The two main considerations are: †¢ scientific - to check the accuracy of predictions and explain errors. †¢ management- to assess the success of mitigation in reducing impacts. Some people believe that audits be performed as a rigorous scientific testing of the null hypotheses. While some believe in a simpler approach where youShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Impact Assessment (Eia)2101 Words   |  9 PagesEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA): * A formal process to predict the environmental consequence of human development activities and to plan an appropriate measure to eliminate or reduce the adverse impacts and to augment positive impacts. * EIA is an attempt to identify measure and evaluate the environmental impacts of a course of actions. Here, actions mean any development, strategy which will change an existing system. * According to LGED, assessment of beneficial and adverse changeRead MoreEnvironmental Impact Assessment(Eia)2278 Words   |  10 PagesTITLE - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), its introduction, purpose, methods of EIA, EIA conducted in India, Environmental Impact Statement(EIS). 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Financial and Management accounting - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Financial and Management accounting. Answer: Activity based costing Activity-based costing is the methodology for allocating the overheads more precisely over those items actually used by the process. This method can be used for achieving target deduction in the overhead expenses (Bhimani 2012). It works best in the complex circumstance where many products and machines are there, processes are tangled and not easy for sorting out. On the contrary, it is not of much importance where the process of production is simple. ABC identifies the special training, machine set up, special engineering and other activities that generate costs and lead the company to the consumer resources. As per ABC the company computes the resource cost used under the activities (Bunn and Sapio 2015). Thereafter, cost of each activity is assigned only over the products that require the activities. ABC has become important in past few years as the manufacturing costs increased significantly, diversity with regard to the demands of the customer as well as the product has been inc reased significantly, the costs of manufacturing overheads do not correlate with the direct labour hours and productive machine hours anymore and few products are produced under large batches while other products are produced under small batches. Various advantages are there with regard to usages of ABC. These are Make or buy it provides the comprehensive view regarding each cost that is associated with in-house manufacturing of any product so that the company can precisely analyse which cost shall be eliminated if the product is outsourced and which cost can be carried on. Minimum price pricing is done for the product in such way that the market will be ready to pay and the marketing manager shall know the product cost before deciding the price of the product. It will assist the company to avoid the situation where the company will lose money due to high pricing of product. ABC helps to determine which cost is to be included under this minimum product price based on the circumstances under which the product is to be sold (Guerrero-Baena, Gmez-Limn and Fruet Cardozo 2013). Cost for production facility it becomes easy to differentiate the overhead cost at the level of production plant which in turn enables the manager to compare the production cost among various facilities (Linassi, Alberton and Marinho 2016). Customers profitability mostly the costs incurred by individual customers are product cost that includes the overhead expenses and other costs like handling of product return, high level of customer service and agreements for cooperative marketing. ABC method can sort through the additional overhead costs and may assist in determining which customer is earning the reasonable profit (Drury 2013). However, some issues must be taken into consideration before implementing the ABC system. These are Volume for cost pool though the ABC system produces information of high quality, it comes with the cost of various cost pools and cost of managing system increases with additional cost pools. For reducing these costs, ongoing analysis of cost shall be carried out with comparing the utility of each cost pool. Time for installation the ABC system is quite difficult to install as it may require multi-year installations where the company try to install this across all the facilities and products. Further, it is difficult to manage the high level budgetary support as time wasted without the completion of installations (Fathi and Elham 2015). Project basis generally the ABC projects are allowed on basis of the project so that the information is collected only once. Further, the information can be useful for the current operational situation of the company. Therefore, management may not authorize the funding for future ABC project. Separate data set the ABC system can rarely be constructed for pulling all the information it requires from general ledger directly. Rather, it needs the separate database that can pull the information from various sources and only one may be existed in the general ledger accounts. Therefore it becomes difficult to manage the extra database as it requires considerably additional staff time for which adequate budget may not be there (Langfield-Smith et al. 2015). Therefore, before implementing the ABC system all the above factors shall be taken into account. Computation of the per unit cost for listed activities based on activity drivers Activity Total activity cost Activity driver Quantity of activity driver Cost per unit of activity Prepare annual accounts $ 5,000.00 None available Process receivables $ 15,000.00 No. of invoices 5000 $ 3.00 Process payables $ 25,000.00 No. of purchase orders 2500 $ 10.00 Program production $ 28,000.00 No. of production schedules 1000 $ 28.00 Process sales order $ 40,000.00 No. of sales orders 4000 $ 10.00 Dispatch sales order $ 30,000.00 No. of dispatches 2500 $ 12.00 Develop and test products $ 60,000.00 Assigned directly to product Load mixers $ 14,050.00 No. of batches 1000 $ 14.05 Operate mixers $ 45,900.00 No. of kilograms 200000 $ 0.23 Clean mixers $ 6,900.00 No. of trays 1000 $ 6.90 Move mixers to filling $ 3,450.00 No. of cakes / Pastries 200000 $ 0.02 Clean trays $ 20,000.00 No. of trays 16000 $ 1.25 Fill trays $ 16,000.00 No. of cakes / Pastries 800000 $ 0.02 Move to baking $ 8,000.00 No. of trays 16000 $ 0.50 Set up ovens $ 50,000.00 No. of batches 1000 $ 50.00 Bake cakes / Pastries $ 130,000.00 No. of batches 1000 $ 130.00 Move to packing $ 40,000.00 No. of trays 16000 $ 2.50 Pack cakes / pastries $ 80,000.00 No. of cakes / Pastries 800000 $ 0.10 Inspect pastries $ 2,500.00 No. of pastries 50000 $ 0.05 Determining the per unit cost for Lamington and preparation of activity bill Activity Cost per unit of activity Annual quantity Total cost per activity Process receivables $ 3.00 500 $ 1,500.00 Process payables $ 10.00 200 $ 2,000.00 Program production $ 28.00 100 $ 2,800.00 Process sales order $ 10.00 400 $ 4,000.00 Load mixers $ 14.05 100 $ 1,405.00 Operate mixers $ 0.23 30000 $ 6,885.00 Clean mixers $ 6.90 100 $ 690.00 Move mixers to filling $ 0.02 30000 $ 517.50 Clean trays $ 1.25 2000 $ 2,500.00 Fill trays $ 0.02 100000 $ 2,000.00 Move to baking $ 0.50 2000 $ 1,000.00 Set up ovens $ 50.00 100 $ 5,000.00 Bake cakes / Pastries $ 130.00 100 $ 13,000.00 Move to packing $ 2.50 2000 $ 5,000.00 Pack cakes / pastries $ 0.10 100000 $ 10,000.00 Dispatch sales order $ 12.00 500 $ 6,000.00 Develop and test product $ 600.00 Total $ 64,897.50 Other costs Other costs that can be added to compute the cost of product for Lamington may include labour cost, product inspection cost, operational cost, material cost associated with the product. Budgeting Utilization of budgets for business decision evaluation Once the business becomes operational it is important to manage the financial performance of the company efficiently. Generating the process of budgeting is the most efficient way for keeping the business and finance on the track. Structured planning can create the actual difference with regard to the business growth and it enables the managers to concentrate on the resources for improving the profits, minimising the costs and enhancing the return on the investment (Lidia 2014). Key benefits for the business planning are that it enables the manager for creating the focus on the business direction and delivers the target that may help the business to grow. It also gives the opportunity for standing back and analyse the performance and the factors that are affecting he business. Planning the budget gives greater ability or making continuous improvements and solving the problems. It also gives the appropriate financial information that can provide the base for decisions which in turn cr eate greater confidence in the process of decision making (Silva and Jayamaha 2012). Further, various benefits of the business budget are as follows Helps in allocating the resources over the appropriate projects Helps in planning for the future Monitoring the performance Meeting the objectives Improving the decision making Increasing the motivation of the staffs Impact of the sales revenue Fee structure and new plan for membership Receipts of cash plays important role for measuring the cash sales or credit sales and analysing the cash flows. 2 major factors identified in HLW that have an impact on the cash receipts are the annual membership fees and court fees that are charged on hourly basis. Annual membership fees are the fixed fees and collected annually. Thus, the annual membership fees are constant and fixed receipt, on the contrary, the court fees charged on hourly basis ranges from $ 8 to $ 12 and vary on the basis of duration spent in the club, time of the day, season of the year, number of the customers and prime or non-prime time. Thus, it is not possible to accurately predict the receipt from court fees that are charged on hourly basis (Damanpour and Aravind 2012). Implementation of the new membership plan will enable the company to plan the cash in better manner as it will improve the cash flow management and draft the future plan for minimising the situation of shortages of cash. It will increase the probability of enhancing the profit with minimization of future as well as current debts. However, implementation of the new fees structure will not affect the overall profit. Implementation of the new plan the cash receipt plan of the company can be improved as the court fees charged on hourly basis are taken out and thereby the annual membership fees are only left for the purpose of charging. Therefore, the impacted on the receipt will be greatly reduced and as the membership fees charged on annual basis are fixed and constant, the receipts can be predicted (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). Further, the probability of cash loss generated from the court fees charged on hourly basis will be reduced after implementation of new membership plan. Thus, new plan implementation will improve the efficiency and enhance the HLWs ability for management of their cash and planning for the future decision. Impact of the sales revenue Receipts from the membership fees Particulars Amount Individual $ 22,500.00 Student $ 15,000.00 Family $ 100,000.00 Total $ 137,500.00 Receipts from court fees Particulars Amount Prime time $ 86,400.00 Non-prime time $ 56,000.00 Off season $ 21,600.00 Total $ 164,000.00 Total receipt from the 2 sources will be = ($ 137,500 + $ 164, 000) = $ 301,500. Computation of receipts after new plan implementation Receipts from membership fees will be New members = (2000 / 70%) = 1400 members Under in case of campaign Particulars Amount Family $ 141,750.00 Individual $ 78,750.00 Total $ 220,500.00 Receipts under no campaign Particulars Amount Family $ 192,500.00 Individual $ 115,500.00 Total $ 308,000.00 Total receipts under new implementation plan Particulars Amount Under campaign $ 220,500.00 Under no-campaign $ 308,000.00 Total receipts $ 528,500.00 It can be identified from the above calculation that the plan for fees collection or new membership plan will have effective and positive impact on processing and it will enhance the generation of revenue as the incremental revenue will be ($ 528,500 - $ 301,500) = $ 227,000. Effect of sales revenue from the planned change in fee structure: Analysis of the new fee structure and membership plan for rejecting it or adopting it For analysis, the following key factors were identified by HLW For analysing the membership plan entirely, HLW made various analyses on financial aspect like the company calculated the liquid ratios for analysing the liquidity status. Further, they also prepared the cash flow statement for controlling the available liquid funds. Moreover, they tried to maintain sufficient balance between the amount of cash inflows and outflows. For the purpose of achieving the target they also prepared the flexible budget and the statement for estimation of cash flows (McVay 2015). The HLW management recognized that the minimization of the administration cost after new membership plan implementation as the club will no more be required to prepare the revenue collection data on regular basis (Burns and Walker 2015). However, initially the plan may get adverse opinion from the management as they will face problem in collecting the membership fees. Moreover, the onetime fees may seem to be a burden for the members which in turn may reduce the number of members cons iderably. Further, as per the new membership plan the members required to pay the payment for entire year as the advance payment (Estampe et al. 2013). Therefore, as per the new policy onetime cash budgets is required to be prepared as the payment will be made once in the year. However, to execute the plan successfully effective cash management is required to be in place that includes controlling and managing the cash efficiently. It has been concluded from the above analysis that Activity based costing can be used for achieving target deduction in the overhead expenses. It works best in the complex circumstance where many products and machines are there, processes are tangled and not easy for sorting out. ABC identifies the special training, machine set up, special engineering and other activities that generate costs and lead the company to the consumer resources. However, it is not of much importance where the process of production is simple. On the other hand, planning the budget gives greater ability or making continuous improvements and solving the problems. It also gives the appropriate financial information that can provide the base for decisions which in turn create greater confidence in the process of decision making. Reference Bhimani, A. 2012,Introduction to management accounting,Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow. Bunn, D., Koc, V. and Sapio, A. 2015, "Resource externalities and the persistence of heterogeneous pricing behavior in an energy commodity market",Energy Economics,vol. 48, pp. 265-275. Burns, R. and Walker, J., 2015. Capital budgeting surveys: the future is now. Damanpour, F. and Aravind, D., 2012. Managerial innovation: Conceptions, processes, and antecedents.Management and Organization Review,8(2), pp.423-454. Drury, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J.L. and Brahim-Djelloul, S., 2013. A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models.International Journal of Production Economics,142(2), pp.247-258. Fathi, Z. and Elham, M.D., 2015, A survey of activity-based costing in hotel industry, Management Science Letters,vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 855-860. Guerrero-Baena, M.D., Gmez-Limn, J.A. and Fruet Cardozo, J.V. 2013, "The capital budgeting process: A methodological approach based on financial and intellectual value creation",Intangible Capital,vol. 9, no. 4. Langfield-Smith, K., Thorne, H., Smith, D.A. and Hilton, R.W. 2015,Management accounting: information for creating and managing value,7e [] edn, McGraw-Hill Education, North Ryde, N.S.W. Lidia, T.G. 2014, Difficulties of the Budgeting Process and Factors Leading to the Decision to Implement this Management Tool,Procedia Economics and Finance,vol. 15, pp. 466-473. Linassi, R., Alberton, A. and Marinho, S.V. 2016, "Menu engineering and activity-based costing: An improved method of menu planning",International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1417-1440. McVay, G.J. 2015, "The effects of compensation scheme, source credibility, and receiver involvement on the organizational budgeting process",Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal,vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 217. Silva, L.M.D. and Jayamaha, A., 2012. Budgetary process and organizational performance of apparel industry in Sri Lanka.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences,3(4), p.354. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

The Business Life of Ancient Athens Essay Example For Students

The Business Life of Ancient Athens Essay The Business Life of Ancient Athens is an informative book about different aspects of Ancient businesses and Ancient ways of dealing with money. This book first starts out by explaining the agricultural aspects of Ancient Athens. Agriculture was not well for Athens, so they had to trade a lot. It is recorded as early as the 6th century BC that grain was a very big part of an average Athenians diet. Therefore; much grain trade was necessary because Greece land was very bad for agricultural purposes. Athens had grown industrially and commercially within time, and this was also a problem: overpopulation. Also, many Spartan tribes over and over attacked Greece and destroyed any crops that might grow in the soil. Peasants were also sent to work at farms but they lost care in their farms and found it better to live in the city, living off small amounts of money that came from doing state services. During this time, many people learned ways of math because they needed to know how much grain is needed per person. Although these calculations are not totally accurate, they are a start in banking and maybe even other ways of mathematics. The Peloponnesian War also occurred- leaving Greece(Attica) with nothing. Attica was forced by famine to go under Peloponnesian rule. By now, trade had come in an uproar. Many people had found it easy to trade by sea. So many merchants with not enough money would borrow money from rich people and then buy cargo space on a ship. In most cases the merchant went on the ship to get the goods to sell. Then on returning, the merchant would sell the goods, and then pay off the lender, with a 22.5 percent interest rate. In many cases, problems occurred, sometimes a merchant returned late, could not pay all of the money back, or something or other. Therefore the idea of a collateral was invented. Also, courts were established to rule these sorts of fights amongst the people. These courts werent used in the winter because of stormy weather and so n ot to interrupt commercial business. Courts were required to solve a case within 30 days, this procedure only applies to cases where and actual legal documented agreement was made between the lender and the merchant. Many merchants did not return, therefore the collateral was the lenders to keep. But often the merchant didnt have anything good to start with so many lenders lost money. Next, the book talked about Banking and Bankers. Early banking dates back all the way to Sumer and Akkadwhere many specialized in weighing things and telling of precious metals. Banking was first found where coinage started, in the middle of Asia Minor, around the 7th century BC. Coinage was also thought to have started with Minoans, but they are not sure. It is thought that the idea of banking may have started with the priests of Sumer and Akkad, priests were always the bankers of temples and organizer of the money. The Greeks took the information from these past priests and formed a banking system th at consisted monetary transactions. And they concentrated in dealing with strictly money and giving out money. The Romans took this idea further and made what is similar to modern 1980s bank situations(banking has progressed in the last decade). With banking, the Greeks learned frugal manner and ways of living with money, and not bartering. Lastly, this book speaks about Mining in Ancient Athens. Around 500 BC. Mining was introduced in Athens. If the ways of the mining business had not come, Athens would have probably lost an oncoming war with the Persians, but because of the mining, many new people joined Athens and Persia decided not to invade. They feared it because it had become much greater in strength. If mining had not come, there would have been no Athenian Empire, or an Age of Pericles. So, in the scabrous hills of Laurium, silver struck. Everyone was fascinated with this new idea. In present day Laurium, you can still see the remains of the mining and see everything. Many things were not found out about the mining, because not too many records were kept. But many modern engineers and archaeologists have looked into the land of Laurium and have found remains of apparatus, and from analyzation of cinder collections. However, it is not known how silver was extracted from the stones, how they were crushed and how they eventually made silver objects from the mined silver. The history of this can not be reconstructed. .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a , .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .postImageUrl , .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a , .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a:hover , .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a:visited , .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a:active { border:0!important; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a:active , .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud34a22d32e3649d90e704f430c82468a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Theory of Knowledge Persuasive Essay We will write a custom essay on The Business Life of Ancient Athens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The way this author approaches this topic is in a supportive way. He is very Greek favoring and states many comments about how many people do NOT give the early Greek people the credit they deserve. For instance on page 82 the author statesmany students of economic history have not yet given Greek banking the attention it deservesin banking. and the author proceeds in telling of all the wonderful things the Greeks have done about banking and how the Romans merely just watched the early Greeks. The author also thinks of the mining industry as wonderful. He explained it in such an exciting manner . As a result of reading this book, I have formed many new opinions. For example, I never knew that business started as early as it didin the manner of banking. I figured that banking probably didnt come until at least a couple of centuries after Christ. Also, I learned about mining and all the things that were involved with it. Here again I was surprised that it had started so early. My outl ook on the business filed has changed. I thought that all these business people were so great to come up with all these ideas, but they are truly just taking the basics of early history in business and applying it to modern ways. I think the authors purpose of writing this book was to make me confused! No, I really think that the purpose of writing this book was to inform people of the ways of early business life, and the way our ancestors were dealing with the business industry back then. Also, it was a way to carry on history even further, to state the facts for people even farther down the road of the world. The author did not try to persuade the reader in any way, although he did favor the Greeks a lot. Hethe author did, however, compare and contrast almost all of the situations with the modern world. I think that the author succeeded in his purpose in that he wanted to get the Greek side of the story out, and also tell a lot of facts too. He kept on, over and over, telling what the Greeks did that others took the credit for. For example, when talking about coinage, he said that the Lydians were the founder of coins. But he left a trace saying that the Greeks too, had knowledge of coins, but the Lydians developed it faster than them. The author repeatedly stated facts about the Ancient Businesses, telling of how courts developed, how they ran, how they were maintained, how they were functioning. And he did this similarly to almost all the subjects he touched upon like Mining, Banking, Agriculture, Trade, the course of economic evolution. All in all my opinion of this book is good. I wis hed at most times that it wasnt so factual and the author also used a number of hard to comprehend ways of saying things.The part of the book that I found the most interesting is the part about the Grain Trade. The Early Athenians had such a need for grains and they could not get it so they eventually had to surrender to the Peloponnesians, which they DID fight and went through months of famine. And I also enjoyed the part of the book that talked about early banking. I was very surprised that banking started so early. I think that by reading this book, I learned many things, and it helped me better my knowledge of history. Category: Roman Culture